themes: Dictionary Information

Theme n. 1 subject or topic of a talk, book, etc. 2 mus. Prominent melody in a composition. 3 us school exercise on a given subject.  thematic adj. thematically adv. [greek thema -mat-]

Theme park n. Amusement park organized round a unifying idea.

Theme song n. (also theme tune) 1 recurrent melody in a musical play or film. 2 signature tune.

themes: Geographic Locations

2981693 saint-anthème saint-antheme pont-sur-ance, saint-antheme, saint-anthème 45.52786 3.91726 P PPL FR 84 63 631 63319 777 941 Europe/Paris 2019-04-10

themes: Historical Excerpts

THEATER Greece Greek tragedy reached height in Sth century Athens as part of Dionysia; drama contest, sponsored by state, gave tliree dramatists opportunity to submit trilogy for all-day performance; prizes awarded winning tragedies; choragus (director or producer) chosen, and actors paid by state; wealthy citizens responsible for trained chorus; actors, all male, wore masks, high-soled shoes; played more titan one role in each drama. Theater. Open-air structure; orchestra, chorus performed around altar to god, Dionysus. Aeschylus. Dramatic-poet; earliest of tliree great tragic poets; of noble birth; devoted life to tvriting, but only seven plays extant; largely responsible for form of tragedy; introduced second actor, increased importance of dialogue, reduced chorus to 12, originated trilog) on single theme: outstanding Work, Oresteia, trilogy based on fate of Agamemnon, leader at Troy; Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, Eumenides; expressed profound religious emotion, powerful dramatic crises, grandeur of characterizations. Sophocles. Tragic poet; considered by many greatest of Greek tragedians; well-born, wealthy, educated; 7, of approximately 123 dramas, survive intact; won 24 contests, gaining first triumph by defeating Aeschylus, 468; added third actor, important innovation; introduced painted scenery, increased size of chorus; abandoned trilogy, making each play separate entity; Antigone, known for superb characterization, unusually tragic tone, suspense; Oedipus the King, greatest and best-known tragedy, expounds irony of fate; powerful motivation, irony seen in inevitability of Oedipus’ doom; Electrai popular play based on. Agamemnon story. Menander. Dramatist; tvriter of New Comedy; set style for Latin imitators and later comedy of manners of northern Europe; arbitration, brilliant; exposed double standard of morality.





Euripides. Dramatist; third and most renowned of Greek tragic poets; less popular in own time, fame has equaled or surpassed that of Sophocles and Aescliylus; introduced spirit of humanism and rationalism, discarded myth of gods superiority; attempted to free drama from conventional hero as subject: dealt tvith human beings; sympathetic portrayal of women, love; masterpiece, Medea, theme, disastrous results of uncontrolled passions of anger and jealousy; Iphigenia in Tauris, well-constructed, excellent suspense, melodrama; Cyclops, only complete extant satyr play; Alcestis, one of earliest and most appealing plays, presents memorable tragic character; l)Tic quality of choral passages. Aristophanes. Greatest ■writer of Greek comedies; frank in criticism of political figures; Lysistrata, ribald political satire; The Clouds, satire on Socrates and Sophists, influential popular play; The Frogs, criticized.Aeschylus and Euripides; attacked Athenian decadence, excellent parody; The Birds, amazing fantasy of escape. Rome Plautus (Titus Maccius Plautus). Comic poet; modeled comedies on Menander; vigorous portrayal of high society; narrow range of plot, characterization, but great variety of treatment; rough, racy, vernacular Latin; situation comedy, stock characters: Amphitryon, adapted by later dramatists; Aulularia (Pot of Gold) Terence (Publius Terentius Afer) Dramatist; influenced by Menander; free adaptation of well-knotvn comedies; The Eunuch, though condemned as immoral, most successful play; amusing, teclinically superior, skillfully united double plot; Phormio, delightful farce. Mime. Adaptation of Doric form; popular; immoral, satirical, outspoken; employed numerous actors; grotesque masks, bright costumes; most famous during 1st century bc. Others. Catullus, Decimus, Laberius, Lentulus, Philistion, Publius Syrus.





THEATER Asia INDIA. Drama outgrowth of performance of legends at festivals; no public theater; performances private in homes of wealthy or public showings in temple courts; no scenery, minimum of stage properties; actors adapted highly developed gesture language of dance; movements and attire regulated by convention; little tragedy, themes melodramatic and pathetic rather than basically tragic. AsvaghosQ. Author of earliest known Sanskrit dramas to have survived. Bhasa. fl. c350. Early dramatist of merit; known for The Vision of vasavadaita and yaugandharayana’s Vows. Shudraka, King. 5th century. Credited with authorship of mrichchakatika (Little Clay Cart), sometimes called Vasantasena; considered most dramatic of Indian plays; appreciated by Westerners; light touch, humor, melodramatic; characteristically long, ten acts. Kalidasa. Great Sanskrit poet and dramatist; The recognition of Sakuntala, outstanding; superior plot construction; excellent characterization; prologue, commonly used, impressed Goethe; contained both prose and verse; Urvasi, Malavika, Agnimitra. Bharata. Author of important treatise, Natyasastra; compilation of dramatic theory and form; listed and described ten major types of plays; classification prevailed for centuries. Rome • The pantomime developed under Augustus; serious in intent; form of the dance; probably performed by single dancer, changes of character indicated by masks and costumes; accompanied by, wind, brass, string instruments; dancer wore a clapper to maintain rhythm; tragic themes derived from drama or mythology; occasional pornographic material used; ■ not as popular as mimes.





905-59, emperor, author of treatises on government and themes (provinces); Book of Ceremonies before 866-912, called Th Vise, The Deacon, The philosophei author of Orations, poetry Procopius-c490-c565, historian. Anecdote





Asia INDIA. Harsa (Hnrsadev.a) Ring: ruled Kanauj, 60B17; Llagannnda, love story; Priyadarsika; religious and secular subjects; two comedies. Bhavabhuti. Great dramatist; ranked second to Kalidasa; mahaviraenrita and utlnrararnacarita, on deeds of Rama; malathnadhava, love play; greatness rested on portrayal and understanding of sorrow: heroic dignity. WisakhadoHa. Political dramatist; Minister s Signet Ring; well constructed; only surviving play, CHtNA. During T’ang Dynasty, festival orchestra used for large state celebrations; thousands of musicians, playing 300 kinds of instruments: great fullness of tone without developed harmonic sdicmc; Pear Garden, school for musicians, actors, dancers, established; classical epoch of theater; historical plays were outgrowth of ancestor tvorship: History of the Three Kingdoms, Strategy of ati Unguarded City, popular; music integral part of play; used to accompany rliythmic gestures and dances; occasionally themes expressed mood, as in is’csiern opera. Middle East ISLAM. Earliest treatises on music, Sth century; ban on instrumental music lifted by caliphs from middle of 7th century; reached high point under Harun al-Rashid: music scliools established in Spain fay.Moors wind; rivaled those of Baghdad; al-Farabi wrote important musical treatises, melody of arabic-persian song based on rnaqam or mode similar to Hindu raga; music sad. pl.aintive; adoption of Persian instruments. BYZANTINE. Music predominauily vocal: neumntic musical notation system; use of neumes (signs): indicated rise and fall of singing voices m chants; did not indicate exact pitch; foundation of music ol Eastern Christendom; parallel to Gregorian music: St. John of Damascus master of eanones; great composer of hymns; organized liturgical song: reformed musical notation; canones invented





Bayeux Tapestry. Completed in English embroidery workshop; eloquent pictorial document; one of rare secular subjects. Gothic Art. culmination of major artistic acliievements of medieval period; Gothic architecture saw merging of interior and exterior design, creating unity; distinct new sculptural style emerged in IStli century; stained glass windows achieved radiant effects by prismatic transformation and combination of light and color; introduction of new secular themes in illuminated manuscripts enhanced that art. Architecture. Important substitution of a pointed for a rounded arch; pointed arch allowed greater freedom of vertical motion; crowns of individual vaults could be raised to equal heights; pointing and narrowing of arclies allowed for changes in shapes; additional support needed where vault rested on wall solved by use of buttress; flying buttresses’ long, thin, stone supports bolstered exterior of building at various points; Gothic building broader, side chapels added; brilliant example. Cathedral of Notre Dame, Chartres; Abbey Church of St. Denis, near Paris, prototype of Gothic arcliitecture, became model for cathedrals, including Rlieims (rebuilt 1210), Amiens (1220-88), Notre Dame, Paris (1163-1235), and Rouen (begun 1200) Sculpture. iconographic carving in depth; 2,000 figures on exterior of Chartres; trumeau figures at Amiens, vigorous naturalism. Stained Glass. Developed art by second half of 12th century; allied to art of mosaics, replaced mural and ceiling painting; abstract two-dimensional design, 175 panels at Chartres; rose windows of Chartres, Rheims, Notre Dame, Paris, exceptional examples.





Bernard de Ventadour (11. 1150-94), William of Poitiers (1070-1127), Marcabrun (11. cl 150-95), Peire Vidal (d. 1215); trouvtres: Huon d’Oisy (d. cl 191), Blondel de Nesld (d. cl 203), Gace Bruld (d. cl210). Chansons de gens (popular songs), music of the itinerant musician or minstrel; ‘tvandering minstrels’ sang in market places, public and private halls; as travelers, they spread news in song; played variety of instruments: violin, gigue, gittern, psaltery, regals, rote, organistrum, tabor. Jongleurs. entertainers, often accompam sts for troubadours and other performers; descended from mimus and ioculalores who followed Roman legions; appeared at court festivals, feasts of peasants and townspeople; took part in religious plays; sang, recited, fiddled, performed acrobatics and magic. Minstrels. Principal active secular musicians, poets of popular verse; spread songs of troubadours; composed lays. Goliards. Wandering students and clerics of England, France, Germany; composed Latin verse and songs; important source of troubadours’ art; graceful verse on classical and sacred subjects; parodied Mass, offices; elegant, obscene in turn; consummate skill; knowledge, cleverness revealed new freedom of spirit, enjoyment of life; important in notation of secular music. Minnesingers. German counterpart of chivalric troubadours; themes broader; songs of nature, patriotism, religion; used no jongleurs, always sang own compositions; music heavier, lacking freshness, light-heartedness of French contemporaries, though often displaying humor; played viols and lute; Tannhauser (1205-70) took part ■in song contest, 1260 (opera by Wagner) Walther von der Vogelweide. cl 170-1230. Famous minnesinger; versatile lyricist, artistry of utmost simplicity; Love Is Two Hearts^ Happiness, The Times Arc Out of Joint, best-knoivn songs.





ENGLAND. Chaucer, Geoffrey. Father of English poetry; use of heroic couplet; Canterbury Tales, 1386, Troilus and Criseyde, 1385-86; profound influence on English language. William of Ockham (or Occam) Scholastic philosopher; laid foundations in Dialogues, 1343, for modern theory of independence of civil rule; influenced Francis Bacon. Wyclif, John (or Wycliffe) Reformer; Bible, great landmark; considered Father of English prose.’ Fitzgerald, Garrett, d. 1398. Irish poet; first to practice Norman style of love poetry, having origins in songs of troubadours of Provence; chronicler. Dafydd ap Gwilymn. cl340-cl400. Welsh poet; introduced new themes and meters influencing Welsh poetry for 200 years. Others: Thomas Walsingham and Ranulf Higden were outstanding chroniclers; John Gower and Robert Manning, poets. FRANCE. Froissart, Jean. Chronicler, poet; author of outstanding history of Hundred Years’ War, one of first books printed; vivid, poetic style, influenced Chaucer. Buridan, Jean. Scholastic philosopher; nominalist; follower of William of Ockham; interested in science. Vincent de Beauvais. Dominican friar; Speculum majus, encyclopedia of available knowledge. Joinville, Jean de. Author of first vernacular biography, Hislorie du Roi Saint Louis, 1304; description of king and period. GERMANY. Eckhart, Johannes. (Meister Eckhart) Dominican; founder of German mysticism and father of German philosophical language; pantheistic system influenced by scholasticism, neoplatonism, Arabic and Jewish conceptions.





Western Europe ITALY. Vinci, Leonardo da. Painter, sculptor, architect, and scientist; perfect example of versatile man of period; famous for Last Supper, Mona Lisa, Virgin of the Rocks; great master of Renaissance. Botticelli, Sandro. Florentine master of rhythmic line, elongated figures; great colorist; painter for Medicis. ghirlandaio, Domenico. Master Florentine fresco painter; teacher of Michelangelo. Francesca, Pietro della. Umbrian painter; innovator of decorative design and perspective; use of architectural backgrounds important influence. Masaccio, Tommaso (Guidi). Florentine fresco painter; pioneer in use of realism and perspective. Bellini, Giovanni. Master Venetian artist; used Flemish oil technique; achieved greatness with use of magnificent color. Mantegna, Andrea. 1431-1506. Paduan; most celebrated artist of north Italy; used classical themes; individualist. Perugino, II (Pietro Vanucci). 14461523. Umbrian; teacher of Raphael; worked in Sistine Chapel, 1480; famed works in Perugia; created devotional picture in gentle Umbrian tradition, but foreshadowed monumental dignity of later artists. Uccello, Paolo, cl 396-1475. Florentine; pioneer in linear perspective; known for powerful battle scenes. Lippi, Filiippo Fra. cl406-1469. Early renaissance master, Florence; outstanding colorist, draughtsmanfra Angelico, Florentine master; early experimenter with three-dimensional form; Antonio Pollaiuolo, fine draughtsman, one of first to study anatomy by dissection; Lorenzo di Pi-, etro, late Sienese artist. FRANCE. Fouquet, Jean. Painter, illuminator; considered founder I5th century French school; combined work of Van Eycks and early Florentines; painted first recognizable landscapes and earliest self-portrait in France.. loito^iCP. dnUs Mirondoia,





Central Europe NETHERLANDS. Ockeghem, Jean de (Joannes Okeghem). b. Tours. Composer, founder of so-called second netherlands school; one of great music teachers of all time; pupils founded schools: vocal polyphony became varied under his guidance; many forms, such as medieval rondo, ballad, disappeared; master of counterpoint; developed canon; wrote masses, motets, chansons. Obrecht, Jacob. Contrapuntist; master; music based on folk themes, giving work solid, earthy quality of great strength, harmony; wrote masses, motets, church and secular works; taught in Florence; teacher of Erasmus. Agricola, Alexander, cl 446-1 506, Belgian: composer of motets, four-part songs, and a volume of five masses. GERMANY. Isaac, Heinrich. Possibly Flemish, composer; wrote both secular and church music; thought to be first German contrapuntal master; worked for Lorenzo de Medici, 148492; famous songs, intrumental music. Beheim, Michel. 1416-74. Meistersinger; court singer in many countries. Fulde, Adam von. b. cl450. Foremost German musical scholar of century; author. Tract on Music, 1490. wolkenstein, Oswald von. 13771445. Last of medieval lyric minnesingers. PRINTING OF MUSIC. Ulrich Han (Hahn) ’s Missale, published in Rome, 1476, printed from type; lines (staves) in red in one impression, notes in black printed in second; notes with time-values printed at Venice, 1480; Ugo de Rugeriis at Bologna, 1487, printed earliest known complete partcomposition using wood blocks; first English music-printing, westminster, 1495; Ottaviano dei Petrucd (14661539) received his letters patent, 1498; for years regarded as actual inventor of art of printing music with movable type; first volume, Harmonice musices Odhecaton, landmark containing 96compositions of chief franco-flemish composers, first complete volume of part-music printed.





Western Europe FRANCE. Rabelais, Fransois. Writer monk, physician; author of Gargantua and Pantagruel, considered one of the world s masterpieces of satire; allegorical comedy, published 1532-62, with theme, man is essentially good; sharp opponent of scholasticism. Bude, Guillaume (Budaeus). Humanist scholar; important figure in intellectual life of France; founded College de France, and library, Fontainebleau; fostered Greek learning; work in linguistics founded discipline of philology; expounded political, economic theories. Marot, Clement. cl496-1544. Poet; first to use sonnet form in French. ITALY. machiavelli, Niccolb. Famed author of The Prince, 1532; pioneer in realistic political and social analysis; visualized strong Italian state; theme, justification of power; still influential. Pomponazzi, Pietro. Philosopher; one of first to question dogmas of scliolasticism; De immortalitate, 1516, attacked interpretation of Aristotle by Aquinas; De incantationibus, 1520, stressed evolution of man and nature. castiglione, Baldassare, Conte. Fa• mous for Cortegiano (The Courtier), 1518, treatise on social problems, intellectual accomplishments, and social graces; picture of court life; important influence. Ariosto, Lodovico. Epic and lyric poet; known for Oriando furioso, epic treatment of Roland story, published in 1532. Bembo, Pietro. 1470-1547. Humanist, arbiter of Italian letters; intent on preserving classical tradition. Aldus Manutius (Teobaldo Manila nucci). 1450-1515. Venetian printer; published Greek and Roman classics; first to use italic type, 1501. Giorgio Vasari wTote an important, secular work. Lives of the Artists; Jacopo Sannazaro s pastoral romance influenced development of Italian prose; Francesco guicciardini, excellent historian of period of Italian wars.





PAINTING Western Europe ITALY. michelangelo Buonarroti. Florentine genius whose magnificent sculpture and paintings inspired and had profound influence on all artists of later periods; studied with ghirlandaio and influenced by Donatello; famous for statues, David, Moses, figures at tomb of Pope Julius II, extraordinary paintings on ceiling of Sistine Chapel; versatility also seen in architecture, poetry. Titian (Vecellio Tiziano) Great master; represented development of dramatic monumentality characteristic of high renaissance composition, expressed with intensity and strength of color; portraits not only bore strong resemblance to sitter, but gave subject unique vitality and individuality. Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio) scholarartist, one of finest masters of period; work in Florence showed new freedom of expression; known for Madonnas; important work at Vatican, including large murals; classical themes; versatile, succeeded Bramante as chief arcliitect, St. Peter’s. Giorgione (Giorgio barbarelli) Venetian artist; studied with Bellini; innovator in use of color, landscape, and free expression. Correggio (Antonio Allegri) Famous for lyrical frescoes; influence on art of 16th and 17th centuries in Italy almost as great as Michelangelo’s. Clovio, Giorgio. 1498-1578. Regarded as one of greatest miniaturists and illuminators; master technician and colorist; masterpiece. Book of the Hours of the Blessed Virgin. Sebastiano del Piombo (sebastiano Luclani). cl485-1547. Venetian artist: noted frescoes, excellent portraits. Signorelli, Luca. cl441-1523. Umbrian; studied with della Francesca; introduced powerful treatment of anatomy: influenced Michelangelo. Raimondi, marcantonio, cl4801527/34. Master engraver. SPAIN. Berniguete, Alonso. cl4861561. Sculptor, painter of religious works.





magnificent poetry, particularly sonnets, written in the vernacular, dominated this period in Europe. Spenser. shakespeare, and Sidney represented the great elizabethan poets, while Gongora y Argote created gongorism in Spain. Tasso, in Italy, felt the pressure of the counter-reformation and wrote his poetry on religious themes. In France, a group known as the Pleiade created new poetic forms and popularized the sonnet. However, the outstanding figure in French literature was Montaigne, whose essays emphasized the importance of individualism. In India, the great Hindi poet, Tulsi Das, related the deeds of Roma, while Baki extolled Suleiman in glorious Turldsh verse.





FRANCE. Montaigne, Michel de. Famed Essays (3 vols., 1571-88) remarkable for individuality and urbanity of thought; style and ideas influenced French and English literature. Bodin, Jean. Social and political philosopher; Six Bookes of a commonzueale, 1576, first attempt to formulate a modern and scientific philosophy of history; influenced Hobbes, anticipated Montesquieu; important in development of economic theories. Ronsard, Pierre de. ‘Prince of French poets’; leader of Plt^iade; Odes el Amours, popular work. Ramus, Petrus (Pierre La Ramdc) philosopher, mathematician; critic of Aristotelianism; encouraged analysis. SPAIN. Gdngora y Argote, Luis de. Considered last great lyric poet of Golden Age; created style called gongorism whicli parallels English euphuism in elaborate artificiality; use of metaphor and hyperbole influenced modern verse; mythological themes. Hurtado de Mendoza, Diego. Poet, historian; author of surprisingly objective history of Moorish rebellion, Guerra de Granada, printed 1627. Diaz del Castillo, Bernal. conquistador, clironicler; served with Cortes in Mexico, 1519; famous for The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, published 1632. Ercila y Zuniga, Alonso de. Epic poet; famous for La Araucana, 1569, 78, 89; relates struggle of Araucanian Indians against tlie Spaniards in Chile. PORTUGAL. Camoes, Luiz de. outstanding lyric poet; masterpiece. Os Lusiadas; influenced national drama. Montemayor, Jorge de. cl521-61. Poet; born in Portugal, rvrote in Spanish; noted for unfinished pastoral romance, Diana Enamorada, 1558-59; first pastoral novel in Spanish language. Central Europe POLAND. kochanowski, Jan. Poet; tvrote excellent version of Psalms of David. GERMANY. Fischart, Johann. Satirist; influenced by Rabelais; wrote works of g reat wit and j ri gi nality.i





RELIGION Europe FRANCE. Francis of Sales, St. Roman Catholic leader; author of introduction to a Devout Life and Treatise on the Love of God; important in developing theme of loving God rather than fearing Him as judge; helped found Order of the Visitation, 1610. Dovergier de Hauranne, Jean. 15811643. Founder of Jansenism; argued with Jesuits; imprisoned by Richelieu. Arnauld, Antoine. 1612-94. Jansenist; author of De la frequente communion, 1643, attack on Jesuits; also opponent of Calvinists and free-thinkers. NETHERLANDS. Jansen, Cornells. Dutch Roman Catholic theologian; purpose to reform Christian life along line of St. Augustine; predestination in extreme form; opposed Protestantism; posthumous work, Augustinus, 1642, basis of Jansenism, Synod of Dort, 1618-19, a movement to suppress ‘remonstrants ; led by Maurice of Nassau; followed by Dordrecht meeting. ENGLAND. Smyfh, John (or Smith) nonconformist clergyman, often called founder of General Baptists; influenced by Brownists; worked in Holland, influenced by Menonites and started self-baptizing; established church in England, 1611. Biddle, John. Founder of English Unitarianism; author of Twelve Arguments Drawn Out of Scripture. Herbert of Cherbury, Edward, 1st ^ Baron. Proposed natural religion in De veritate, 1624, and De religione genlilium, cl645; foreshadowed deism. GERMANY. Andrea, Johann. Protestant theologian; author of satire, Menippus, 1648; Fama fratenilatis, 1614, on rosicrucians, caused excitement in Europe. ITALY. Bellarmine (Roberto bellarmino) 1542-1621. Jesuit cardinal; admired Galileo, refused to condemn him; leading influence in Catholic reform.





THEATER Western Europe ENGLAND. shakespeare, William. incomparable dcptli and range seen in great tragedies of this period, 160109; Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Julius Caesar. Jonson, Ben. Famed for comedies: Volponc, The Alchemist, The Silent Woman, dartholomeso Fair; innucnccd by Roman dramatists; tragedies lacked vitality: inlluenccd restoration comedy and later writers. Wehsfer, John. cl580-cl625. Works showed unusual understanding of human nature; The White Devil, The Duchess of Malfi, cl614; given firstrank rating by Charles Lamb and other critics. Dekkor, Thomas, cl 572-1 632. Dramatist, pamphleteer: known for shoemaker’s Holiday and other plays. Middleton, Thomas. cl570-1627. Satirical plays, realistic comedies; A Trick to Catch the Old One, 1608. Marston, John. 1576-1634. Satirist, dramatist, and divine; collaborated rvith Webster on tragedies; wrote The Malcontent, 1604; comedies. Heywood, Thomas. cl574-164L Author of domestic comedies; A Woman Killed ivilh Kindness, 1603. Beaumont, Francis, cl584-1616, and John Fletcher, 1579-1625, collaborated in writing The Knight of the Burning Pestle, 1616, among other works; influenced by Ben Jonson. Massinger, Philip. 1583-1640. Brilliant satirical comedies, A Nexu Way to Pay Old Debts, 1625; tragedies; rrorked in collaboration rvith contemporaries; exceptional plot structure. FRANCE. Corneille, Pierre, Ranked with Racine as greatest master of Frencli classical tragedy; famed for Le Cid, 1637, in which man creates own destiny, new theme for iliai time in France; extremely popular; Mcddc, 1635, and other works. Hardy, Alexandre. Dramatist; more than 600 plays; best-known tragedy, Marianne, 1610; credited with freeing Frcndi tragedy from mannerisms of Jodclle; introduced elements whicli foreshadowed Co rneille.

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FRANCE. Chardin, Jean. outstanding genre painter; influenced by Dutch masters and the Le Nains; best known for still life studies, middle class people, interiors; contributed greatly to 19th century art. David, Jacques. Founder, neoclassical school; court painter; sympathized with Revolution, made painter for Convention; continued artistic dictator under Napoleon; superb technician. Boucher, Francois. Rococo court painter; known for historical and pastoral studies; influenced by Watteau and Greek themes; purely French. Fragonard, Jean. Master draughtsman; Rococo vivacity, sophistication, color; excellent drawings. Gabriel, Jacques. outstanding architect; classic school; worked on Louvre, Petit Trianon, Versailles. Greuze, Jean-Baptiste. 1725-1805. Genre painter; exaggerated, sentimental themes. Houdon, Jean. 1741





Asia JAPAN. Hiroshige, Ando. Painter, world renowned print-maker; combined landscape motifs with genre painting, ancient scroll painting with modern realistic techniques; most important prints depicted landscapes, snow scenes, or rain, mist and moonlight; also noted for portrayal of powerful birds, fish, and delicate flowers; unusual knowledge of perspective. United States Cole, Thomas. Landscape artist; pioneer of Hudson River School; created dramatic yet lyrical mood, using romantic realism; early works expressed loneliness of untamed forests; In the Catskills, 1837, The Roman Campagna, 1843, masterpieces. Audubon, John James. Artist-naturalist; water color, crayon mixture best medium; known for studies of nature; published The Birds of America (4 vols.) 1827-38, Quadrupeds of America, 1845; though not great art or scientifically expert, works had charm and represented outstanding achievement. Bingham, George Caleb. Great frontier artist; original yet typical scenes of American life painted with dramatic simplicity; known for The Fur Traders Descending the Missouri, Raftsmen Playing Cards, The Jolly Flatboatmen. Sully, Thomas. Portrait painter; influenced by Stuart and West; historical paintings never equaled; portraits numbering almost 2,000; brilliant technique, but little emotional depth. Catlin, George. Western artist; known for paintings of -Indians and scenes of wild, untamed West. Peale, Rembrandt. Portrait artist; interesting graphics; influential. Mount, William S. 1807-68. Genre painter; studied only in America; exceptional technical skill; subtle lucidity. ^. Hicks, Edward. 1780-1849. Primitive (self-taught); Quaker preacher; famous for paintings of The Peaceable Kingdom, biblical theme of lion and lamb lying down together in peace.





THEATER Europe SPAIN. Zorilla y Moral, Jose. 181793. Poet, dramatist; famous for Don Juan Tenorio, 1844, one of best loved plays of Spanish drama. Martinez de la Rosa, Francisco. 17891862. Dramatist; La conjuracion de Venecia (The Conspiracy of Venice) 1834, first real success of romantic theater in Spain; important in introduction of romanticism to native themes. Rivas, Duque de (Angel de Saavedra). 1791-1865. Romantic poet, dramatist; his Don Alvaro used by Verdi as libretto for La Forza del Destino (The Force of Destiny). Breton de los Herreros, Manuel. 1796-1873. Popular dramatist; wrote 360 plays, best of which were satires on middle-class life in Madrid. Garcia Gutierrez, Antonio. 1812-84. Best known play, El Trovador, 1836, used by Verdi for opera, II Trovatore, 1853; his Simon Boccanegra, also used by Verdi, 1862. PORTUGAL. Almeida Garrett, Joao Baptista de. Leader of romantic movement; considered one of portugal’s greatest dramatists; ranks high as poet; best-known play. The Armourer of Santarem, 1842. FRANCE. Scribe, Augustin. 17911861. Librettist for Verdi, Meyerbeer, Auber, Halevy, and otliers. RUSSIA. Pushkin, Aleksandr. Poet, dramatist; Boris Godunov, 1831, tragic drama, basis of moussorgsky opera. GERMANY. Biichner, Georg. Dramatic poet; powerful drama, Danton’s Death, 1835; unfinished tragedy, IFozzeck, from which Alban Berg derived his opera. Gutzkow, Karl. 1811-78. Uriel Acosta, 1846, showed trend toward naturalism combined rvitli romanticism. DENMARK. Heiberg, Johan. Poet, dramatist; The Hill of the Elves, 1828, frequently performed Danish play. AUSTRIA., Bauernfeld, Eduard. 180290. Viennese ivriter of realistic dramas. ITALY. Niccolini, Giovanni. 17821861. Writer of historical dramas with





oafgomiisky, Alexander. C Wniposcr; known for Esmeraldi brctio by Victor Hugo, 1839; 1 based on play by Pushkin, hv ^866, lib \ theme. Mily. Composer;; tablisir^^ Glinka; devoted life t ^ ““nalist school. Poscr-^^n^ I Sm German ro fitcatlw-^i WE IT tn simll f P^^ticed fine r and piano pi 59. Strauss, Johann. ] operettas lihe n I celebrated wa (hr ^866, Talcs er.na U podj, igsg.





THEATER Europe GERMANY. Hebbel, Christian Friedrich. Dramatic poet; considered most powerful tragic dramatist of period; linked last of romanticism widi new realism; interested in psycliological problems; Agnes Bernauer, 1852, expressed reaction to revolution of 1848. tiiough set in Middle Ages; Gyges und sein Ring, 1856, considered poetic masterpiece. RUSSIA. Ostrovski, Aleksandr. Dramatist; tragedies, comedies based on lives of petty official class; Snow Maiden, 1873, used by rimsky-korsakoff as libretto for opera; important influence particularly on Chekov. Turgenev, Ivan. 1818-83. Famed literary figure; principal play, A Month in the Country, 1850; A Provincial Lady, 1851. Pisemsky, Aleksey. 1820-81. Novelist, dramatist: realism; expression of sympathy for peasant: A Bitter Fate, I860. FRANCE. Dumas, Alexandre (fils). Creator of modern comedy of manners, Le Demi-Monde, 1855; his first play. La Dame aux Camelias (Camille), was written as a novel, 1848, a play 1849, produced in 1852, it created a sensation. Avfgier, Emile. 1820-89. Dramatist, satirist: pioneer in modem realism; portrayed social foibles of time from strongly etliical viewpoint. ITALY. Cossa, Piefro. 1830-81. Leading dramatist of transition from romanticism to naturalism or realism in Italy: historical themes. HUNGARY. SzigligeJi, Ede. 181478. playsvright whose work was based on native folk tales; ver) popular. United States Aiken, George. 1830-76. playavright, Actor; Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852, had unusual run of 300 performances. Asia JAPAN. Mokuami, Kawafake. Noted Kabuki playtvright of sewamono (lives of common people) plays; extremely.versatnc:

author, of.at -least 50 nlavs.





Renoir, Pierre Auguste. Leading Impressionist; figure compositions and study of the nude; warm, brilliant color; Moulin de la Galette, Mme. charpentier and Her Children, by the Seashore, La Toilette. toulouse-lautrec, Henri de. Linear Impressionist; outstanding lithographer; influenced by Degas and Japanese; excellent color posters; exceptional draughtsman; unusual subject matter, studies of circus, dance halls, singers, prostitutes, horses; influential. Redon, Odilon. 1840-1916. Painter, lithographer; unusual mystical quality; dramatic use of black; delicate flowers. Pissarro, Camille. 1830-1903. Landscape artist; Impressionist; sincere, influenced and helped young artists. Signac, Paul. 1863-1935. Post-Impressionist; worked with Seurat; Pointillist; street scenes, seascapes. Rousseau, Henri. 1844-1910. Primitive; exotic color in themes of fantasy; The Sleeping Gypsy, 1897. Sisley, Alfred. 1839-99. Impressionist; charming landscapes. Others. James Ensor 1860-1949, Belgian Post-Impressionist; Pierre Bonnard (1867-1947), brilliant member of Nabis Group. ENGLAND. burne-jones, Sir Edward. pre-raphaelite painter, though subject matter differed; follower of Rossetti; painter of dreams in romantic style. Central and Eastern Europe NETHERLANDS. Van Gogh, Vincent. Pioneer Expressionist; brilliant color; dynamic, almost frenzied, quality in heavily painted works; concerned with oppressed peoples and nature; personal, highly emotional expression; tragic life; unappreciated during short life, respected today; Sunflowers, Starry Night, self-portraits. SWITZERLAND-GERMANY. Bocklin, Arnold. Leader, Romantic School of Germany; atmospheric landscapes, often with element of fantasy; classical style; The Island of the Dead, 1880. RUSSIA. Antokolski, Markus. 1843





Wesiern Europe FRANCE. Franck, C^sar. belgianfrench composer, organist; influenced by Bach; developed instrumental music; known for Symphony in D Minor, 1886-88; outstanding work in late years, including symphonic poems, oratorios, operas, chamber music, w’orks for organ and piano. saint-saens, Charles. Neoclassicist; known for opera, Samson and Delilah, 1877, Third Symphony, piano concertos, symphonic poems. Faure, Gabriel. 1845-1924. songivriter of exceptional lyrical quality; masterpiece. Requiem, 1887. d lndy, Vincent. 1851-1931. Important teacher; member, Franck group; Symphony on a French Mountain Air, for piano and orchestra. Lalo, Victor. 1823-92. Rich, skillful orchestrations; Symphonic Espagnole, for violin and orchestra; popular. Dukas, Paul. 1865-1935. Bridge between romanticism and impressionism; The sorcerer’s Apprentice, 1897. Others. Delibes, Massenet, Chabrier. ITALY. Verdi, Giuseppe. culmination of Italian opera in last great works, Aida, 1871, Otello, 1887, Falstaff, 1893. ENGLAND. Sullivan, Sir Arthur. Composed serious oratorios; song. The Lost Chord; hymn. Onward Christian Soldiers, as well as light operas with libretti by Gilbert for which he is best known. Grove, Sir George. 1820-1900. Musicologist; famed for Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1879-89, standard reference work. Americas UNITED STATES. MacDowell, Edward. Studied in Paris and Germany; program music, piano sonatas, concertos; Woodland Sketches, Tragica, Eroica; Indian Suite for orchestra. Parker, Horatio. 1863-1919. Church music best of period; oratorios. BRAZIL. Gomes, Antonio. Used native Brazilian themes; wrote opera and orchestral music;, influenced by Verdi.





THEATRE Europe NORWAY. Ibsen, Henrik. Great dramatist; exceptional realistic social dramas setting forth human values and conflict of individual with society; A Doll’s House, 1879, The Wild Duck, 1884, Hedda Gabler, 1890, The Master Builder, 1892; extremely important influence. GERMANY. Hauptmann, Gerhart. Realist: tragedies among great works of German theater; Die Weber (W^eavers); later used symbolic mysticism. ENGLAND. Wilde, Oscar. Writer of witty drawing room comedies. Pinero, Sir Arthur..1855-1934. ‘shocking’ problem plays; anticipated realism in theater. Gilbert, Sir William. Writer of satire on Victorian age in form of light operas, with music by Sullivan. FRANCE. Rostand, Edmond. 18681918. Poet, dramatist; Cyrano de Bergerac, 1897, tour de force. Antoine, Andre. 1858-1943. Theatrical manager whose ideas of theater served as model for experimental groups in Europe and America. SPAIN. Eehegaray y Eizaguirre, Jose. 1832-1916. Called ‘Spanish Ibsen’; plays with ‘problem’ themes. RUSSIA. Goldfaden, Abraham. 1840-1908. Father of modem Yiddish theater. Krylov, Aleksandrovich. 1838-1906. Author of over 100 plays; popular. Asia JAPAN. Tsubouchi Shoyo. Dramatist; injected realism into the traditional Kabuki play; attempted to create new school of historical playwriting; also important in introduction of Western masterpieces to Japan. Shimpa or New School in 1890 s used contemporary events and dramatized novels in plays. INDIA. Ghosh, Girish Chandra. Bengali dramatist; known for some 90 plays; bilwa-mangal, sirajaddaula, Asoka are popular examples of work. Vasu, Amritalfil (Bose or Basu). Actor-dramatist; popular comedies. 9.n5





Western Europe ENGLAND. Joyce, James. Irish novelist; world figure in literature; classical themes, but not form; developed stream of consciousness technique; Dubliners, 1914, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, 1916; Ulysses, 1922; Finnegan s Wake, 1939. Whitehead, Alfred North. philosopher, mathematician; Science and the Modern World, 1925; proposed unification of science and religion; idealist. Alexander, Samuel. Philosopher; space-time concepts. Lawrence, D. H. psychological penetration of character; Sons and Lovers, Lady chatterley’s Lover. Conrad, Joseph (Teodor Korzeniowski). polish-born novelist; romantic realist; Lord Jim, Victory, Youth. Eliot, T. S. Poet, b. United States; long poem. The Waste Land, 1922; poetic drama; Nobel Prize; essays, criticism. Galsworthy, John. 1867-1931. Novelist; Forsyte Saga, 1922; Nobel Prize, 1932; dramatist. Bennett, Arnold. 1867-1931. Old Wives^ Tale, 1908, outstanding novel. Others. Katherine Mansfield, shortstory writer; Sir Charles Firth, historian; John Masefield, poet; H. G. Wells, novelist; Sir George Trevelyan, historian; John Bury, historian; Somerset Maugham, novelist. FRANCE. Bergson, Henri. Philosopher; thesis: world contains two opposing forces, life and matter; regarded intuition superior to conscious intellect; Creative Evolution, 1907. Proust, Marcel. Novelist; remembrance of Things Past (16 vols.), 191327, penetrating psychological studies. France, Anatole. Brilliant satirist; Penguin Island, 1909, masterpiece. Gide, AndrS. Notable literary figure; contemporary novelist. NORWAY. Undset, Sigrid and Hamsun, Knut (1859-1952) Nobel Prize winners. DENMARK. Jensen, Johannes. Nobel Prize, 1944, for The Long Journey, (1908-22); outstanding short essays called ‘myths’. SWITZERLAND. Spitteler, Carl. Epic poet; novelist; essays; Nobel, 1919.





THEATRE Europe ENGLAND. Shaw, George Bernard. irish-english social satirist; as critic, championed Ibsen; outstanding author of famous plays, including Caesar and Cleopatra, 1899, Man and Superman, 1903, Major Barbara, 1907, Pygmalion and Androcles and the Lion, 1912, Saint Joan, 1923. IRELAND. Synge, John. Poet, dramatist; influenced by Yeats with whom Synge and Lady Gregory founded and directed famed Abbey Theater, Dublin, from 1904; interpreter of peasant life; In the Shadow of the Glen, comedy, and Riders to the Sea, tragedy, 1905, Playboy of the Western World, bitter comedy, 1907. RUSSIA. Chekhov, Anton. outstanding dramatist; powerful realism; bestknown works include Sea Gull, 1896, Uncle Vanya, 1897, Three Sisters, 1901, Cherry Orchard, 1903. Gorki, Maxim. (Alexei Peshkov) •Tragic realist; The Lower Depths, 1902, The Smug Citizen, 1901, The Old Man, 1915 (translated as The Judge). ITALY. Pirandello, Luigi. 1867-1936. Important figure in contemporary Italian literature; author of 50 plays, including Six Characters in Search of an Author, 1921. CZECHOSLOVAKIA. Capek, Karel. 1890-1938. Famed, R.U.R., satire using ‘robot.’ SWEDEN. Strindberg, August. 18491912. Important dramatist; mystical, tragic, morbid, iconoclastic themes and atmosphere; split personality reflected in works; Toward Damascus. BELGIUM. maeterlinck, Maurice. 1862-1949. Symbolist; great work, The Blue Bird, 1909. HUNGARY. Molnar, Ferenc. 18781952. Liliom, The Swan, The Guardsman; popular success in United States. SPAIN. Benavente, Jacinto. 1866Prolific dramatist; social satire, excellent characterization. Martinez Sierra, Gregorio. 18811947. masterpiece, Cancion de Cuna (The Cradle Song) 1911, very popular. AUSTRIA. Schnitzler, Arthur. 1862.»JJ9.3.1.^,Succe,5sfnl,^One.-art„nla,v,«





The sdentific revolution of the 20th century represented by the concepts of relativity and atomic matter has profoundly affected contemporary philosophy. The neo-thomisls have attempted to reconcile science vdth religious philosophy by accepting scientific truths without foregoing faith in the supernatural. The literature of the period reflected the pessimism and despair of wars and economic depressions and the resultant anonymity of the individual in the group. The romanUc escape from realism has continued os a theme for the -writing of motion pictures, best-selling novels, magazine stories, and the other popular media to which the writer of the period has turned.





Eostern Europe RUSSIA. Bunin, Ivan. Poet, novelist, short-story wher; Nobel Prize, 1933; The Gentleman from San Francisco; The Well of Days, 1933. Sholokhov, Mikhail. Epic novelist; The Silent Don, 4 volumes, 1928-40; stories of the Don Cossacks; Seeds of Tomorrow, 1932-33; The Science of Hatred, 1942. Simonov, Konstantin. Novelist, dramatist, war correspondent; Stalingrad Fights on, 1942; Days and Nights, 1945; No Quarter, 1943. Tolstoy, Aleksey. Referred to as dean of Russian letters; Peter 1, 192934; Bread, 1938. Asio JAPAN. Kikuchi Kan. Leading literary figure: influenced by Western authors; neo-realist; editor-publisher, Bungei Shunju, literary magazine; novels, plays. Shimazaki Toson (Haruki). Novelist; Hakai (Apostasy), 1906, novel with sociological theme; Before the Dawn, 1935, best work; great lyric poet. Mishima Yuiko. 1925Promising novelist; Sound of Waves, 1956. CHINA. Cho Shu-ien (known as Lusin or Lu Hsun). Leading w-riter of fiction and master of pai hau (plain language); short stories; excellent stylist; Biography of Ah Q. Kuo Mo-jo. Writer and scholar; The Goddess, long poem; five volumes of verse; six volumes of essays; plays. Ho Shih. Scholar, writer, diplomat; prominent in literary renaissance, advocated use of colloquial speech in literature; author of many works. Lin Yufang. chinese-american tvrik er; My Country and My People, 1935; Wisdom of China and India, 1942. Middle East EGYPT. Husayn, Taha. Leader of modem movement; liberal, intereste in classics; Future of Culture of Egypt, 1939, suggested Egypt belonged to Hellenic world; pre-islamic h terature. TURKEY. Halaide Edib (Adivar). Novelist; The Clown and His Daughter, 1935; Turkey Faces West, 1928.





48. Abstract expressionist; fused free-flo%ving forms with veiled symbols; emotion produced by brilliant color, line, form. Pereira, I. Rice. 1907Outstanding woman artist; geometric construction applied to painting; problems of light, space, fourth dimension; elaborate private symbolism; exquisite balance. Hartley, Marsden. 1878-1943. Expressionist; colorful Americana themes. Disney, Walt. 1901Creator of American animated film cartoons of world renown. Others. Hans Hofmann, very influential teacher; moholy-nagy established ‘bauhaus’ in Chicago. MEXICO. Rivera, Diego. Powerful murals portraying peasants, labor, poverty. Orozco, Jose C. Brilliant social satire monumental color, form; murals. Siqueiros, David A. 1898Dynamic, powerful social protest; Echo of a Scream, 1937; technical innovator. Tamayo, Rufino. 1899Expressionist; Animals. CHILE. Matta (Echaurren). 1912Surrealist; Paris school; jewel-like tone. CUBA. Lam, Wilfredo. 1902Abstract expressionist; distortion; symbolism. Asia JAPAN. Onchi, Koshiro. outstanding abstract print-maker; influenced by Kandinsky, Muncli; poet; subtle, ■witty, daring; magnificent tcclinique. Sekino, Jun ichiro. print-maker, illustrator, designer; excellent portraits. Shinagawa, Takumi. Abstract prints, mobiles; outstanding use of color. Munakata, Shiko. Influenced by ancient Buddhist prints; strong work.





MUSIC Europe RUSSIA. Prokofiev, Sergei. outstanding modern composer; lyrical, humorous quality;, T/te Love of Three Oranges, first opera, produced in Chicago, U.S.A. 1921; ballet. The Buffoon, 1921; Fourth Symphony written for koussevitzky and Boston Symphony, 1930; Peter and the Wolf, 1936; chamber music. shostokovitch, Dmitri. Soviet composer; early music most important; First Symphony, 1925-26; opera. The Nose, 1930; Third Symphony (May First) 1930; Fifth Symphony, 1937; ordiestral, chamber rhusic; ballets, works for motion pictures. khachaturian, Aram. armeniansoviet composer: prolific; Piano Concerto, 1935, brilliant tedinically with oriental flavor; folk themes; modern ballet, Gayne, 1942. GERMANY. Hindemith, Paul. Violist; composer in linear counterpoint teclmique; know’n for Mathis der Malcr, 1938: opera Cardillac, 1926; teacher. United States. FRANCE. Milhaud, Darius. Composer; used simple diatonic melodies combining tliem in polytonal counterpoint, producing a dissonant effect; ballets, cliamber music; conductor. ITALY. Toscanini, Arturo. 18681957. Mae.stro; magnificent interpreter of great masters; world-wide fame. ^^^CilOSlOVAKIA. Martino, Bohu Iav. Influenced by Stravinsky; operas, ballets, cliamber music, orchestral Concerto Grosso, 1941; Memorial to Lidice, 1943. ENGUND. Britten, Beniamin. 191 3-. Composer of modem operas Paul Funyan. 1940 and Peter Grimes, 1945;