such: Dictionary Information

Such —adj. 1 (often foll. By as) of the kind or degree indicated (such people; people such as these). 2 so great or extreme (not such a fool as that). 3 of a more than normal kind or degree (such awful food). —pron. Such a person or persons; such a thing or things.  as such as being what has been indicated or named; in itself (there is no theatre as such). Such as for example. [old english, = so like]

such: Geographic Locations

11694961 Bsuch Bsuch 47.40137 12.83821 P PPL AT 05 506 50619 873 753 Europe/Vienna 2018-07-28

726643 Suhindol Suhindol Souhyndol,Suchindol,Suhindol,Sukhindol,Сухиндол 43.19167 25.18111 P PPL BG 62 VTR32 2364 269 Europe/Sofia 2016-08-03

1279945 Jiuquan Jiuquan Chiu-ch uan,Chiu-ch uan-hsien,Chiu-ch uan-shih,Chiu-choan-chhi,Chiu-ch’üan,Chiu-ch’üan-hsien,Chiu-ch’üan-shih,Chiú-choân-chhī,Ciu-ciong,Ciū-ciòng,Czjucjuan,Jiuquan,Jiuquan Shi,Kiuchoan,Kiuchuan,Kiuchuan-hsien,Kiuchüan,Kiuchüan-hsien,Su-chou,Suchow,Suchzhou,Suzhou,Tiou-cchuean,Tsin-tsuan-tsiun,Tuu Tuyen,Tửu Tuyền,Zhjuchuan,jiu quan,jiu quan shi,juchwian si,jywchwan,su zhou,Ťiou-čchüan,Жючуань,Сучжоу,Цзюцюань,جیوچوآن,جیوچوان,肃州,酒泉,酒泉市,주취안 시 39.74318 98.51736 P PPLA2 CN 15 6209 428346 1464 Asia/Shanghai 2021-12-25

1786770 Yibin Yibin gi-pin-chhi, gî-pin-chhī, Hsu-chou,Hsü-chou,I-pin,I-pin-hsien,I-pin-shih,Ibin,Ibin,Jibin,Nghi Tan,Nghi Tân,Ngi-bing,Ngì-bĭng,Suchow,Suifu,Süchow,Xufu,Xuzhou Cheng,YBP,Yibin,Yibin Shi,ayblyn,ibin si,xu fu,xu zhou cheng,ybyn,yi bin,yi bin shi,Јибин,Ибин,Ибинь,ایبلین,یبین,叙州城,叙府,宜宾,宜宾市,宜賓,宜賓市,이빈 시 28.7593 104.63994 P PPLA3 CN 32 5115 1786767 836340 323 Asia/Shanghai 2021-10-19

1787824 Tongshan Tongshan Hsu-chou,Hsu-chou-shih,Hsü-chou,Hsü-chou-shih,Sjujchzhou,Suchow,Suchow-fu,Süchow-fu,T ung-shan,Tongshan,T’ung-shan,Xuzhou,swijeou si,xu zhou,xu zhou shi,Сюйчжоу,شۈجو شەھىرى,徐州,徐州市,쉬저우 시 34.18045 117.15707 P PPLA3 CN 04 3203 329661 37 Asia/Shanghai 2021-09-20

1788046 Xuchang Xuchang Hsu-ch ang,Hsu-ch ang-hsien,Hsu-ch ang-shih,Hsu-chou,Hsuchow,Hsü-chou,Hsü-ch’ang,Hsü-ch’ang-hsien,Hsü-ch’ang-shih,Hsüchow,Jiangguanchi,Syuychan,Xuchang,jiang guan chi,将官池 34.03189 113.86299 P PPLA2 CN 09 4110 1788044 1265536 71 Asia/Shanghai 2018-12-06

1793743 Suzhou Suzhou Su-hsien,Suchow,Suchzhou,Suxian,Suzhou,su zhou shi,Сучжоу,شيۇجۇ شەھىرى,宿州市 33.63611 116.97889 P PPLA2 CN 01 3413 1647642 34 Asia/Shanghai 2024-03-26

1793928 Suchen Suchen Su-ch en-chuang,Su-ch’en-chuang,Suchen,Suchen Zhen,su chen,su chen zhen,苏陈,苏陈镇 32.50551 120.01373 P PPLA4 CN 04 3212 0 5 Asia/Shanghai 2021-09-20

1794102 Siyang Siyang Cengong,Ch enkung,Ch ien-kung,Ch’enkung,Ch’ien-kung,Ling-kung,Siyang,Siyang Zhen,Ssu,Ssu-yang,Ssu-yang-chen,Ssuchou,Szechow,Ts en-kung,Ts en-kung-hsien, ts’en-kung, ts’en-kung-hsien, si yang,si yang zhen,思旸,思旸镇 27.2116 108.745 P PPLA3 CN 18 5226 0 405 Asia/Shanghai 2021-09-20

1804593 Laisu Laisu Laisu,Laisu Zhen,Laisuchang,lai su,lai su zhen,来苏,来苏镇 29.26597 105.77802 P PPLA4 CN 33 8739734 41361 332 Asia/Shanghai 2022-11-04

1886760 Suzhou Suzhou SZV,So-chiu-chhi,Soochow,Soutsoou,So͘-chiu-chhī,Su-chou,Su-chu-su,Su-ciu,Su-cou,Su-čou,Suchjou,Suchzhou,Sudzhou,Sudzou,Sudžou,Sugouo,Sutsjou,Suzhou,Suzhou Shi,Suzhou i Jiangsu,Suĝoŭo,Szucsou,Sû-chû-sṳ,Sŭ-ciŭ,To Chau,Tô Châu,Wu-hsien,cuco,ssujeou si,su cow,su zhou,su zhou shi,sujho u,suzu,swgwʼw,swjw,swzhw,swzhww,Σουτσόου,Суджоу,Сучжоу,Сучжоў,Суџоу,Сүжоу,Սուչժոու,סוגואו,سوجو,سوژو,سوژوو,سۇجۇ شەھىرى,सूझोऊ,ਸੂਜ਼ੂ,சுசோ,ซูโจว,苏州,苏州市,蘇州,蘇州市,쑤저우 시 31.30408 120.59538 P PPLA2 CN 04 3205 6715559 10 Asia/Shanghai 2024-03-26

7373404 Suchuan Suchuan Suchuan,su chuan,粟川 33.78884 105.94901 P PPLA4 CN 15 6212 0 986 Asia/Shanghai 2021-09-20

3064732 Suchov Suchov 48.90742 17.56345 P PPL CZ 78 0645 586617 568 383 Europe/Prague 2018-09-08

3064736 Suchohrdly Suchohrdly zuckerhandl 48.86822 16.09471 P PPL CZ 78 0647 555231 1010 308 Europe/Prague 2018-09-08

3064742 Suchdol nad Lužnicí Suchdol nad Luznici Suchenthal an der Lainsitz 48.89 14.8772 P PPL CZ 79 0313 547280 3659 457 Europe/Prague 2019-03-20

3064745 Suchdol Suchdol 49.95247 15.16651 P PPL CZ 88 0205 534439 1065 370 Europe/Prague 2018-09-08

3064748 Suchdol Suchdol 49.54717 16.89667 P PPL CZ 84 0713 590088 647 490 Europe/Prague 2020-01-16

3064753 Suchá Loz Sucha Loz 48.97001 17.71379 P PPL CZ 90 0722 592641 1078 297 Europe/Prague 2018-09-08

3067421 Prostějov Prostejov Prosciejow,Prosnitz,Prossnitz,Prostejov,Prostejova,Prostejovas,Prostjejov,Prostějov,Prosznitz,Prościejów,brwstywf,peuloseuteyopeu,prwstyw,prwstywb,prxs teiy yxf,pu luo si jie yue fu,purosucheyofu,Простейов,Простеёв,Простјејов,פראסטיץ,פרוסטיוב,بروستيوف,پرستیه‌یو,پروستیو,ปรอสเตียยอฟ,プロスチェヨフ,普羅斯捷約夫,프로스테요프 49.47188 17.11184 P PPL CZ 84 0713 589250 47374 227 Europe/Prague 2019-03-20

3075187 Horní Suchá Horni Sucha Gorna Sucha,Khorni Sukha,Sucha Gorna,Sucha Górna,Хорњи Суха 49.7978 18.48189 P PPL CZ 85 0803 552739 4466 277 Europe/Prague 2018-09-08

2934324 dürrhennersdorf duerrhennersdorf dirkhenersdorf, djurkhennersdorf, duerrhennersdorf, duerrhennersdorfi vald,Dürrhennersdorf,Dürrhennersdorfi vald,Suche hendrichecy, di lei nei er si duo fu,Дирхенерсдорф,Дюрхеннерсдорф,迪雷内尔斯多夫 51.04863 14.60383 P PPLA4 DE 13 00 14626 14626070 1213 346 Europe/Berlin 2017-04-26

2623181 christianshavn Christianshavn christianshavn, kristianskhavn, kristjanshoefn, kristjánshöfn, ke li si di an gang,kurisuchanshaon,Кристиансхавн,Чристианшавн,קופנהגן/קריסטיאנסהאבן,クリスチャンシャオン,克里斯蒂安港 55.67383 12.59541 P PPL DK 17 101 10140 7 Europe/Copenhagen 2014-12-05

650769 kristinestad Kristinestad Kristiina,Kristiinankaupunki,Kristinestad,ke li si di na cheng,kurisuchinesutaddo,Кристи́нестад,Кристиинанкаупунки,Крістінестад,کریسٹین سٹڈ,クリスチーネスタッド,克里斯蒂娜城 62.27429 21.37596 P PPLA3 FI 15 153 287 7712 11 Europe/Helsinki 2019-07-01

2639991 portstewart Portstewart Port Stiobhaird,Port stíobhaird, Portst juart,Portstewart,Portstjuart,bwrtstywrt,potosuchuwato,si tu er te gang,Портстьюарт,Портстюарт,بورتستيورت,پورت‌استیوارت,ポートスチュワート,斯圖爾特港 55.18132 -6.71402 P PPL GB NIR N09000004 8394 26 Europe/London 2023-02-10

611847 Sokhumi Sokhumi Akva,Aҟəa,SUI,Sochumi,Sohum,Sohumi,Sokhumi,Soukhoumi,Ssuchum,Suchum,Suchumi,Suhhumi,Suhumi,Suhumo,Sujumi,Sukhum,Sukhumi,Suĥumo,sokhumi,su hu mi,sufumi,suhumi,swhwmy,Аҟәа,Сухум,Сухуми,סוחומי,სოხუმი,スフミ,苏呼米,수후미 43.00697 40.9893 P PPLA GE 02 65439 21 Asia/Tbilisi 2023-02-12

3589074 Santo Domingo suchitepéquez Santo Domingo suchitepequez Santo Domingo,Santo Domingo suchitepequez, Santo Domingo suchitepéquez 14.47901 -91.48327 P PPLA2 GT 20 6270 217 America/Guatemala 2020-06-10

3590412 San Antonio suchitepéquez San Antonio suchitepequez San Antonio,San Antonio suchitepequez, San Antonio suchitepéquez 14.53938 -91.41442 P PPLA2 GT 20 1010 13666 396 America/Guatemala 2023-02-11

1255584 Suchindram Suchindram Suchindram 8.15442 77.46704 P PPL IN 25 629 5884 12316 15 Asia/Kolkata 2024-01-06

6534444 Ossuccio Ossuccio Asucha,Ausacium,Ossuchcho,Ossusc,Usuec,Usüc,ao su qiao,ossutcho,Асуча,Оссуччо,Օսուչո,オッスッチョ,奥苏乔 45.96958 9.17974 P PPLA3 IT 09 CO 013252 971 235 238 Europe/Rome 2016-02-20

1851282 Tadotsu Tadotsu Tadotsu,Tadotsucho,Tadotsuchō,duo du jin ding,多度津町 34.275 133.75 P PPL JP 17 1855768 37404 23618 4 Asia/Tokyo 2021-10-05

1859998 kasamatsuchō kasamatsucho Kasamatsu,Kasamatsucho,Kasamatsuchō,li song ding,笠松町 35.36667 136.76667 P PPL JP 09 1863085 21303 22273 4 Asia/Tokyo 2021-10-05

1861095 Izumiōtsu Izumiotsu Ebisucho,Ebisuchō,Idzumotsu,Izumiotsu,Izumiōtsu,Otsu,quan da jin,Ōtsu,Идзумотсу,泉大津 34.5 135.4 P PPLA2 JP 32 1861094 73767 3 Asia/Tokyo 2022-09-05

1863521 Gōtsuchō Gotsucho Gatsu,Gotsu,Gotsucho,Gotu,Gozu,Gōtsu,Gōtsuchō,Gōtu,Gōzu,jiang jin,jiang jin ding,江津,江津町 35.00856 132.2257 P PPLA2 JP 36 1863519 24009 31 Asia/Tokyo 2022-09-06

2111310 Ōtsuchi Otsuchi Otsuchi,Ozuchi,Ozuti,Ōtsuchi 39.36667 141.9 P PPL JP 16 2112424 03461 11572 5 Asia/Tokyo 2021-10-03

2128205 minamishibetsuchō minamishibetsucho minamishibetsucho, minamishibetsuchō, Shibetsu,minamishibetsuchou,nan shi bie ding,shi bie shi,みなみしべつちょう,ミナミシベツチョウ,南士別町,士別市 44.15399 142.37307 P PPL JP 12 2128201 19794 134 Asia/Tokyo 2021-10-07

2128894 noboribetsu Noboribetsu Noboribecu,Noboribetsu,Noboribetsucho,Noboribetu-chhi,Noboribetu-chhī,deng bie,deng bie shi,noa boa ri bea su,nobolibesseu si,nwbwrybtsw hwkaydw,nwbwrybytsw,Ноборибетсу,Ноборибецу,Ноборібецу,نوبوريبيتسو,نوبوریبتسو، هوکایدو,โนะโบะริเบะสึ,登別,登別市,노보리베쓰 시 42.45215 141.17914 P PPLA2 JP 12 2128892 0 10 Asia/Tokyo 2017-07-22

6822099 Tsuchiura Tsuchiura Tsuchiura,tu pu,土浦 36.09047 140.21047 P PPLA2 JP 14 2110701 144399 5 Asia/Tokyo 2024-04-17

3516497 Brisas Barra de Suchiate Brisas Barra de Suchiate Brisas Barra de Suchiate,Suchiate 14.53588 -92.22414 P PPL MX 05 087 13743 4 America/Mexico

City 2021-07-27

3516499 Suchiapa Suchiapa Suchiapa 16.62555 -93.10074 P PPLA2 MX 05 086 16637 464 America/Mexico

City 2018-11-03

3516549 solosuchiapa Solosuchiapa solosuchiapa, solusuchiapa 17.42952 -93.03255 P PPLA2 MX 05 084 2035 164 America/Mexico

City 2018-11-03

3516923 Santiago suchilquitongo Santiago suchilquitongo Santiago suchilquitongo, Santiago xuchilquitongo, Santiango xuchilquitongo, Suchilquitongo,Suchiquiltongo 17.25316 -96.87825 P PPLA2 MX 20 483 7276 1675 America/Mexico

City 2018-11-03

3518242 San Miguel suchixtepec San Miguel suchixtepec San Miguel,San Miguel suchixtepec, Suchixtepec 16.0939 -96.46852 P PPL MX 20 279 1798 2613 America/Mexico

City 2021-12-15

3530595 Ciudad Hidalgo Ciudad Hidalgo Ciudad Hidalgo,Frontera Diaz,Mariscal Suchiate,Suchiate 14.68148 -92.15217 P PPLA2 MX 05 087 14606 29 America/Mexico

City 2018-11-03

3531888 cacaloxúchitl cacaloxuchitl cacalosuchil, cacalosúchil, cacaloxuchil, cacaloxúchil, cacalxochitl 18.78747 -98.48614 P PPL MX 21 069 3006 1641 America/Mexico

City 2013-08-01

3823875 San José Súchil San Jose Suchil 18.88778 -97.23722 P PPL MX 30 099 1684 2492 America/Mexico

City 2013-08-01

3824300 xiloxúchitl xiloxuchitl Silosuchil,Silosúchil,Xiloxuchitl,Xiloxúchitl 21.34708 -98.27135 P PPL MX 30 155 574 248 America/Mexico

City 2018-11-03

3982765 Suchitlán Suchitlan Suchitlan,Suchitlán 20.5332 -101.0236 P PPL MX 11 044 1676 1730 America/Mexico

City 2014-09-05

3982766 Suchitlán Suchitlan Suchitlan,Suchitlán 19.37541 -103.71141 P PPL MX 08 003 4450 1058 America/Mexico

City 2018-11-03

3982768 Súchil Suchil Suchil,Súchil 23.62193 -103.9232 P PPLA2 MX 10 033 4107 1976 America/Monterrey 2020-06-10

4013537 Cofradía de Suchitlán Cofradia de Suchitlan Cofradia de Suchitan,Cofradia de Suchitlan,Cofradía de Suchitlán,Cofradía de Suchitán 19.40954 -103.70043 P PPL MX 08 003 1746 1295 America/Mexico

City 2018-11-03

4017326 Basúchil Basuchil Basuchil,Basúchil,Басучил 28.52479 -107.40172 P PPL MX 06 031 1451 2036 America/Chihuahua 2018-11-03

8858201 El Súchil El Suchil El Suchil,El Súchil 17.22694 -100.63917 P PPL MX 12 057 6962 43 America/Mexico

City 2014-04-11

8858556 Suchilapan del Río Suchilapan del Rio Suchilapan del Rio,Suchilapan del Río 17.38611 -94.98806 P PPL MX 30 091 2487 42 America/Mexico

City 2014-04-11

8858561 Llano Suchiapa Llano Suchiapa Llano Suchiapa 16.86611 -95.05389 P PPL MX 20 427 2465 227 America/Mexico

City 2014-04-11

8860607 Los Cedros Suchitepec Los Cedros Suchitepec Los Cedros Suchitepec 19.50917 -100.03528 P PPL MX 15 114 819 2716 America/Mexico

City 2014-04-11

8861335 El Súchil El Suchil El Suchil,El Súchil 17.51194 -95.02667 P PPL MX 30 091 699 56 America/Mexico

City 2014-04-11

8863118 Mesa de suchitímber Mesa de suchitimber Mesa de suchitimber, Mesa de suchitímber 19.46195 -100.10767 P PPL MX 15 114 511 2719 America/Mexico

City 2014-04-11

3136765 stjørdalshalsen stjordalshalsen schjordalshalsenas, Skh jordalskhalsen, St ordalskhalsen, stjerdalkhalsen, stjordalshalsen, stjørdalshalsen, astywrdalzhalsn,sucherudarusharusen,Стьордалсхалсен,Стјердалхалсен,Схьёрдалсхалсен,استیوردالزهالسن,スチェルダールシャルセン 63.4681 10.92618 P PPL NO 21 5035 11416 15 Europe/Oslo 2018-05-08

1720743 Calachuchi Calachuchi Calachuche,Calachuchi,Calasuche,Calatuche 12.21775 123.53061 P PPL PH 05 39 054112000 2278 0 Asia/Manila 2017-12-13

757848 suchożebry Suchozebry Suchozebry,Suchożebry,Sukhozhebry,Сухожебры 52.25948 22.25289 P PPLA3 PL 78 1426 142610 586 148 Europe/Warsaw 2010-09-19

757850 Suchowola Suchowola Suchovola,Suhovola,Sukhavolja,Sukhovola,Sukhovolja,su huo wo la,swhwbwlh,Сухаволя,Суховола,Суховоля,סוחובולה,蘇霍沃拉 53.57753 23.10596 P PPLA3 PL 81 2011 201109 2211 142 Europe/Warsaw 2019-09-05

757886 suchedniów Suchedniow Suchedniow,Suchedniów,Suhednova,Suhedņova,Sukhednjuv,Sukhednov,su hai de niu fu,swhdnywb,Сухеднюв,Сухедњов,סוחדניוב,蘇海德紐夫 51.04776 20.82922 P PPLA3 PL 84 2610 261005 9184 265 Europe/Warsaw 2010-10-16

757894 Sucha Sucha Sucha,Sucha Szlachecka 51.61999 20.94887 P PPL PL 78 1401 140101 1170 124 Europe/Warsaw 2010-09-06

761008 Przysucha Przysucha Pshisukha,Psisuha,Pšisuha,psyshh,pu ri su ha,Пшисуха,פשיסחה,普日蘇哈 51.35858 20.62889 P PPLA2 PL 78 1423 142306 6188 209 Europe/Warsaw 2010-09-19

3084258 Suchy Las Suchy Las 52.47308 16.87745 P PPLA3 PL 86 3021 302115 4367 102 Europe/Warsaw 2010-10-16

3084259 Suchy Dąb Suchy Dab Suchy Dab,Suchy Dąb,Zugdam 54.20809 18.76731 P PPLA3 PL 82 2204 220407 832 1 Europe/Warsaw 2010-10-16

3084289 Suchań Suchan Sechan,Suhana,Suhaņa,Sukhan,Sukhan,Sëchąń,Zachan,Сухань,Сухањ 53.28003 15.32541 P PPLA3 PL 87 3214 321411 1465 43 Europe/Warsaw 2010-09-22

3084299 Suchacz Suchacz Succase 54.28617 19.44546 P PPL PL 85 2804 280409 730 9 Europe/Warsaw 2010-10-21

3084300 Sucha Beskidzka Sucha Beskidzka Sucha,Suha Beskidzka,Sukha Beskidska,Sukha Beskidzka,Sukha-Beskidz ka,Sukha-Beskidzka,bei si ji de de qu su ha,swcha bskytska,swtsha bskytska,Суха Бескидзка,Суха Бескидска,Суха-Бескидзка,Суха-Бескидзька,سوتشا بسكيتسكا,سوچا بسکیتسکا,貝斯基德地區蘇哈 49.74188 19.59429 P PPLA2 PL 77 1215 121502 9801 338 Europe/Warsaw 2022-12-24

665850 Suceava Suceava SCV,Soutseava,Sucava,Suceava,Suchava,Suczawa,Sučava,Szucsava,Szucsáva,su qia wa,suchava,suchavua,sucheaba,swchawa,swtshafa,swzʼbh,sʼz,Σουτσεάβα,Сучава,Сучәва,Սուչավա,סוצאבה,שאץ,سوتشافا,سوچاوا,სუჩავა,スチャヴァ,蘇恰瓦,수체아바 47.63333 26.25 P PPLA RO 34 146263 105796 360 Europe/Bucharest 2019-09-05

466060 yuzhno-sukhokumsk Yuzhno-Sukhokumsk ioujno-soukhokoumsk, jujno-suhokumsk, juschno-suchokumsk, juzhna-sukhakumsk, juzhno-sukhokums k,Juzhno-Sukhokumsk,Juzjno-Suchokumsk,Juzjno-Sukhokumsk,Juzno-Suchokumsk,Juzno-Suhhokumsk,Juzno-Suhokumsk,Juĵno-Suĥokumsk,Južno-Suchokumsk,Južno-Suhhokumsk,Južno-Suhokumsk,K ible-sukhokumsk, Kantar Sukhokumsk,Suvisuhokumsk,Yuzhno-Sukhokumsk,nan su huo ku mu si ke,ywjnw-swkhwkwmsk,ywzhnw-swkhwkwmsk,Јужно-Сухокумск,Кăнтăр Сухокумск,Кьибле-Сухокумск,Южна-Сухакумск,Южно-Сухокумск,Южно-Сухокумск балһсн,Южно-Сухокумськ,يوجنو-سوخوكومسك,یوژنو-سوخوکومسک,南蘇霍庫姆斯克 44.66033 45.6475 P PPLA2 RU 17 830816 10665 9 Europe/Moscow 2024-02-25

486546 sukhoverkovo Sukhoverkovo suchowierkowo, suhoverkovo, sujoverkovo, sujovérkovo, sukhaverkava, sukhoverkovo, su huo wei er ke wo,swkhwwrkwww,Сухаверкава,Суховерково,سوخوورکووو,苏霍韦尔科沃 56.62648 35.56348 P PPL RU 77 706 165 Europe/Moscow 2012-01-17

486665 Sukhinichi Sukhinichi soukhinitchi, Suchinici,Suchiniczi,Suchinitschi,Suchiniči,Suhinici,Suhinitsi,Suhinitši,Sukhinichi,Sukhinichy,Sukhinitsji,Suĥiniĉi,su xi ni qi,suhinichi,swkhynychy,swkhynytshy,Сухиничи,Сухінічы,سوخينيتشي,سوخینیچی,スヒーニチ,蘇希尼奇,수히니치 54.09989 35.34254 P PPLA2 RU 25 16100 212 Europe/Moscow 2023-05-11

495206 Shchigry Shchigry Chtchigry,Schtschigry,Scigri,Scigry,Shchigary,Shchigri,Shchigry,Shchygry,Shhigri,Shhigry,Shigri,Sjtsjigry,Stsigro,Stsigry,Suchigry,Szczigry,shchygry,shigri,shtshyghry,xi ge lei,Ŝĉigri,Štšigry,Štšigrõ,Šćigry,Ščigry,Шигри,Шчигри,Шчыгры,Щигри,Щигры,Щигры балһсн,شتشيغري,شچیگری,შიგრი,希格雷 51.87598 36.90535 P PPLA2 RU 41 19198 221 Europe/Moscow 2023-07-11

2013918 Ust-Maya Ust-Maya Owst-Maya,UMS,Usc -Maja,Ust Maisk,Ust Maja,Ust -Maja,Ust -Mayskoye,Ust-Maiskoe,Ust-Maja,Ust-Maya,Ust´-Maja,Ust’-Mayskoye,Uszty-Maja,Uus Maaja,awst-maya,dahyt awst maya,usuchi=maya,wu si ji ma ya,Уст-Маја,Усть-Мая,Усць-Мая,Уус Маайа,Ուստ-Մայա,اوست-مایا,ضاحية أوست مايا,ウスチ＝マヤ,烏斯季馬亞 60.41553 134.54405 P PPL RU 63 3062 170 Asia/Vladivostok 2013-09-22

2014573 uglekamensk Uglekamensk Severnyy Suchan,Uglekamensk,Углекаменск 43.22052 133.23223 P PPL RU 59 6461 121 Asia/Vladivostok 2024-04-20

2018116 Partizansk Partizansk Partisansk,Partizans k,Partizansk,Partyizanszk,Partyzansk,Suchan,Suchanskiy Rudnik,Sutschan,bartyzansk,paleutijanseukeu,partyzansk,paruchizansuku,you ji dui cheng,Партизанск,Партизанськ,Партызанск,Պարտիզանսկ,بارتيزانسك,پارتیزانسک,パルチザンスク,游击队城,파르티잔스크 43.12079 133.12396 P PPLA2 RU 59 42489 145 Asia/Vladivostok 2024-04-20

2019118 Nizhniy Tsasuchey Nizhniy Tsasuchey Nizhnij Casuchej,Nizhniy Tsasuchey,Nizjnij Tsasutsjej,Нижний Цасучей 50.51667 115.13333 P PPL RU 93 3278 612 Asia/Chita 2016-10-16

2120048 Ust-Nera Ust-Nera Nera,Oest-Nera,Oust-Nera,USR,Ust Nera,Ust -Nera,Ust -Niera,Ust-Nera,Ust´-Niera,Usť-Něra,Uus N ara,Yuryakh-Terde,usuchi=nera,Уст-Нера,Усть-Нера,Уус Ньара,ウスチ＝ネラ 64.56968 143.237 P PPLA2 RU 63 2122308 9148 492 Asia/Magadan 2016-10-16

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3583090 Suchitoto Suchitoto Suchioto,Suchitoto 13.93806 -89.02778 P PPL SV 04 5735 391 America/El

Salvador 2012-01-18

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4440413 Pass Christian Pass Christian Pas Krischan,Pass Christian,Pass Krishtian,Pass-Krischian,Scranton,bas krystyan,pas krschyn msyspy,pasukurisuchan,ps krystyn mysysypy,Пас Крисчан,Пасс Криштиан,Пасс-Крисчиан,פאס כריסטיאן,باس كريستيان,پاس کرسچین، مسیسپی,پس کریستین، میسیسیپی,パスクリスチャン 30.31575 -89.24754 P PPL US MS 047 5498 4 5 America/Chicago 2017-03-09

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York 2017-03-09

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York 2017-03-09

4781708 Richmond Richmond Manchester,None such,RIC,Richmond,Richmond City,Richmund,Ricmonda,Ricmondas,Ricmondia,Ricmondo,Ricmonds,Ritsmont,Riĉmondo,Ričmonda,Ričmondas,Ričmonds,Rychmand,Shoccoe s,Shockoe,li shi man,lichimeondeu,lie zhi wen,rchmnڈ,ricamanda,ricmand,ricmant,ritchimondo,rychmwnd,rychmwnd wyrjynya,rytshmwnd,ryzmwnd,Ρίτσμοντ,Ричмонд,Ричмънд,Рычманд,Ռիչմոնդ,ריצמונד,ريتشموند,رچمنڈ,رچمنڈ، ورجینیا,ریچموند,ریچموند، ویرجینیا,रिचमंड,रिचमन्ड,रिच्मन्ड्,ரிச்மண்ட்,リッチモンド,列治文,里士满,리치먼드 37.55376 -77.46026 P PPLA US VA 760 226610 64 68 America/New

York 2022-08-15

4822764 South Charleston South Charleston Saut Charlston,Saut-Charlston,nan cha er si dun,sausucharusuton,sawth tsharlstwn,Саут Чарлстон,Саут-Чарлстон,جنوبی چارلسٹن، مغربی ورجینیا,ساوث تشارلستون,サウスチャールストン,南查爾斯頓 38.36843 -81.69957 P PPL US WV 039 13045 183 185 America/New

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5048796 stewartville Stewartville City of stewartville, St juartvil,St juartvill,Stehvartvill,Stewartville,Stewartville/Minnesota,Stjuartvil,stywartfyl,suchuwatobiru,Стьюартвилл,Стьюартвиль,Стьюартвіль,Стэвартвилл,Стјуартвил,استیوارتویل، مینه‌سوتا,ستيوارتفيل,スチュワートビル 43.85552 -92.48851 P PPL US MN 109 62806 6037 374 374 America/Chicago 2017-05-23

5173048 steubenville Steubenville Mingo Town,Steubenville,Stiubenvilis,Stjubehnvill,Stubenvil,Stubenville,astwbnwyl awhayw,si tuo ben wei er,stwbnfyl,suchubenbiru,Стубенвил,Стюбэнвилл,استوبنویل، اوهایو,ستوبنفيل,スチューベンビル,斯托本维尔 40.36979 -80.63396 P PPLA2 US OH 081 74608 18219 319 318 America/New

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such: Historical Excerpts

For more than six years Professor Geoffrey Bruun has guided and encouraged me in this project. I find it difficult indeed to express adequately my gratitude for his patient direction, expert criticism and unfailing ability to keep within bounds a project that threatened at times to spill over into volumes. I want to thank Karl Hill, Chairman of the mathematics Department of the Baldwin School of New York City, for permission to use his Eucyclic Equal-Area Projection (Copyright 1958) as the basis for the excellent maps produced by Samuel Mogavero, art instructor at the Scarsdale Junior High School, Scarsdale, New York. I am indebted to Edna Miller and Mr. Alogavero for the illustrations which add an important dimension to the book, and to Use Behrendt for the preparation of the index. To my friend Joan Harrison goes my deep appreciation not only for her research for the first five units of the Guide and, her help with the proofs, but also for the many ways she contributed to making the whole task easier and more pleasant. I am also indebted to my dear friends, Lloyd Bell, whose provocative questions inspired the belief that such a book was needed, Ernst Behrendt, Elinor Lawless, and Bumpei Usui for their constant encouragement and “willing ears!’ I am grateful to the editors at Henry Holt who made the production of this book possible, to the heads of the Orientalia and Near Eastern Divisions of the Library of Congress and the New York Public Library for patiently answering my many questions, and to the librarians of the Scarsdale and AVhite Plains Public Libraries. A special word of gratitude is due my husband, children, and parents for their understanding, love, and assistance under what must often have been trying circumstances.





Similar considerations have dictated the form of the maps. All are based on a new Encyclic Equal-Area Projection that preserves an uninterrupted, uniform picture of the world as a whole while approximating the true shapes of the major land masses. The map in each unit illustrates some particular development that affected an extensive area and had important implications for world history. But on all nineteen maps the contours of the continents and oceans remain identical in scale, position, and relationship, a device adopted to emphasize the enduring realities of global geography throughout recorded history. It requires courage to undertake a survey of this scope and resolution to complete it. Historical perspectives have deepened and broadened in recent decades and every day brings new discoveries that modify some detail of the expanding picture. In a compilation of this nature, where the subject matter is encyclopedic and the space limited, each evaluation, each item, is the product of a critical ordeal; many are culled but few are chosen. There is, unfortunately, no single court of final appeal. authorities, even the most reputable, may be found to differ in their verdicts and occasionally in their facts. No compiler however scrupulous can hope to escape criticism for debatable judgments and errors of commission or omission. In preparing this Guide Michael Martin has displayed the selective insight and exceptional talent for concision that she revealed in The New Dictionary of American History and An encyclopedia of latin-american History. Her tireless determination to verify, coordinate, and illustrate the material effectively excited my admiration and lightened my task of supervision. The experts whose advice we sought, the co-workers who speeded the research and executed the maps and illustrations, and the members of the publisher’s staff who prepared the typescript for the press all labored to improve the project with unselfish enthusiasm. To participate in a venture distinguished by such gay and harmonious teamwork has been a heart-warming experience. GEOFFREY BRUUN Ithaca, N. Y. April, 1959





prehistoric Man age of the earth, according to calculations, is between four e billion years. The mind finds ult to conceive such a vast timejr historical purposes it is easier ice the scale to more familiar





Early dvilizalions were primarily agricultural communities. Cities were originally established as religious centers, but with the development of trade they became political and financial capitals. Industry and commerce flourished as trade increased. The phoenicians were the loading merchant sailors and established commerdal centers along the Mediterranean. Barter, the first universal method of exchange, was gradually replaced by the establishment of coinage. Great law codes, such as those of Hammurcd}! and the Mosaic Law of the Hebrews, served as the basis for the sodal organization of early peoples. Wealth and power rested with the rulers, the priests, and the aristocracy. A merchant class gained in importance while slavery increased.





Egypt Early or Old Kingdom. Step pyramids and series of maslabas (truncated pyramidal tomb forms) constructed. Pyramid Age. 4th dynasty, c2700c2560 (dates still uncertain) Tombs built at Gizeh; for pharaohs Khufu (Cheops), Khafre, and Menkaure; made possible by strong monarchical system, vast resources of stone and labor; majestic monuments; sculpture and relief carvings such as statue of Khafre, show same high level of achievement, preservation of traditions, great accuracy; beautifully made furniture, jewelry. Middle Kingdom, c2100-cl800. Tombs of kings and queens carved into hills facing Nile; important nobles built cliff tombs; painting used extensively, showing increasing freedom from conventionalization: fine examples of sculpture, portraits of Amenemhet III, Senusret III; rare naturalism, individualization; first use of obelisks. New Kingdom (or Empire). cl570cllOO. Famous for temple building, reflecting increased power of priests; temples of Amon, Karnak, Luxor, Horus at Edfu, magnificent examples of Empire style; plan consisted of sacred way flanked by sphinxes. Pylons (huge towerlike walls at entrance), courtyards, colonnaded areas, vast Hyposlyle (tall columns) halls, and sanctuary; windows used to fill space between two levels on early, fully developed clerestory. Temple of Hatshepsut. At Deir elBahri, part of cliff tombs in Valley of Kings, near Thebes; unique in many ways; severely simple, complete harmony of design and background; three colonnaded terraces outstanding. Sculpture. Stimulated probably by akhnaton’s religious revolt, sculpture became naturalistic in radical departure of brief duration: heads of Akhnaton and wife, Nefertiti, striking examples; relief sculpture showed freedom of expression; later work returned to traditional colossal, rigid statues of pharaohs.





Rome had become the center of a vast empire that included Spain, Gaul, and Italy to the west, Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, and Judea to the east, and Egypt and the African coast to the south. The republican institutions developed in a city-state proved unequal to such imperial responsibilities. Caesar’s nephew Octavian rose to power, defeated Marc Antony and Cleopatra (Battle of Actium), and reigned (in fact, if not in name) as the first Roman emperor with the title of Augustus (27 bc-14 ad) The wealth acquired by conquest, tribute, and the sale of war captives as slaves was unequally distributed, and serious revolts disturbed Rome for a century. There were two ‘servile’ wars in Sicily (135-132, 103-99, a ‘social’ war in Italy (91-88), civil war in Rome itself (88-82), and a slave revolt (Third Servile War. 73-71) led by a gladiator, Spartacus. Despite these outbreaks the govern, ment of the Roman Republic remained conservative. The Senate and the assembly were dominated by the patricians; later the plebeian class secured gradual concessions, but the growth of large estates and the increase in slave labor made it difficult for small farmers to compete. Foreign wars and civil revolts increased the importance of the army. By the 1st century a succession of military leaders (Marius, Sulla, Pompey) achieved semidictatorial power. With the advent of Julius Caesar (49-44) and then of Augustus Caesar (27 bc-14, ad), the Senate and Assembly lost mucli of their influence. Authority became centralized in the person of the ‘Caesar,’ and Rome with its multiple provinces became an empire.





Rome Social Organization. Constant struggle between two classes in early society: patricians, landowners, consuls, and senators, and plebeians, yeomen, pe.asants, and artisans. Roman Law. ]us civile developed from Twelve Tables; codifying of ancient, written Laws, gradually amended and interpreted by praetors, jurists; concept of justice based on reason, not custom, and law of nature, reflecting influence of Stoic philosophy; international law, jus gentium, evolved as empire expanded; recognized universal principles; involved in problems of foreign property, sales, contracts; became part of civil law; legal system greatest Roman intellectual contribution; most complete elaboration of right of private property prior to modern law. Land Problems. Basically agricultural, Roman economy was severely strained by Punic Wars; devastated Italian countryside, affecting small landowners particularly; these and later wars depleted rural labor supply; domestic grain market ruined by cheaper Sicilian imports; debts forced many to abandon land for cities; large owners increased estates near Rome and in provinces, tlirough addition of public lands; invested in new crops, such as olives, figs, vineyards; system based on slave labor. Commerce. Extended by Roman conquests; new products, variety of luxuries, became available; life of wealthy reached height of success, extravagance. New Social Classes. Nobiles, of consular descent, monopolized wealth, power; equites (equestrians or knights), businessmen who profited by government contracts, transport, leases of state-owned resources; alternately allied or competed with senatorial aristocracy; non-Roman group, mostly Italians, now citizens without economic or political status, merged with poor citizens of Rome.





Asia INDIA. Major contributions to the world made by Hindu mathematicians; ‘arabic’ numerals, found on Rock Edicts, Asoka, 256 bc; decimal system known by 1st century eg; zero, considered one of most valuable innovations, known by 2nd century eg; treated as a number, used as such in computations; earliest sign of zero believed to have been a dot; Apastamba wrote work on practical geometry for masons, architects; stated pythagorean theorem. CHINA. Chang T sang. Noted mathematician; author, Chui-chang Suan-shu (arithmetical Rules in Nine Sections), important work on algebra and geometry; contained first known mention of negative quantity; calculated time required for revolution of moon; observations of sun spots. Pien Chao. Studied use of narcotics; wTote medical treatise. Rome Appius Claudius Caecus, censor, later consul, built first aqueduct; Appian or Great, Way one of great Roman roads; 350 miles long, constructed of cement stone blocks; provision made for drainage; crowning, deep foundations.





Economic Causes of Decline. unfavorable balance of trade; diminishing demand for Empire’s products; increasing burden of taxation to support rising government costs; debt caused devaluation of currency; impoverishment of soil; barter revived; taxes paid in goods. Depression, early 3rd century; small, independent farmers displaced by invading barbarians; land cultivation cut; great confusion resulted from lack of security and stability. Europe GAUL. Enjoyed prosperity as Roman province; agriculture and industry expanded; iron, tin, glass, pottery, textiles exported; Roman social organization prevailed; peasant bound to land as colonus. SPAIN. Settled by Celts; economy similar to Gaul; mining important; new products, such as figs, dates, olives introduced. GERMANIC AREA. West of Rhine, north of Danube, were Alemanni, Goths, Franks, Vandals, Teutons; unconquered; grouped in tribes, determined by family kinship; law based on ancient custom; developed comitatus, group of young warriors who attached themselves to military leader; in return for their loyalty, leader gave them share in plunder, provided arms, upkeep. Society headed by nobility, usually landholders, not limited by birth; small landholders or tenants, second group; liti, bound to land in serfdom (as coloni), lowest class. Bands established settlements along Roman border; moved into Empire as Roman power declined. Visigoths. Moved from eastern border of Roman Empire, through northern Italy; sacked Rome; continued west, settled in fertile lands of southern Gaul, northern Spain. Vandals. Migrated through Spain, forced out by Visigoths, crossed into North Africa; settled on site of Carthage; took to sea, raiding mediterranean shores.





The grandeur, worldliness, and elegance of the art of the T ang Dynasty represented the spirit of the age in China. The glorious Buddhist frescoes of Wu Tao-tse decorated the palaces of Ch ang-an and Loyang. Indian art celebrated the revival of Hinduism with the building of magnificent temples and the creation of impressive, graceful, and delicate sculpture. Buddhist influence dominated Japanese sculpture. Tori Busshi designed the superb bronzes for the Golden Hall of Horyuji monastery. Angkor Thom, capital of Cambodia, and the temple of Angkor Wat were astonishing architectural achievements. The Byzantine cathedral of Hagia Sophia, and illuminated manuscripts, such as the Book of Kells and the Utrecht Psalter, were outstanding creations of Christian Europe.





Africa The west coast of Africa was gradually explored by Portuguese mariners in the 15th century (Henry the Navigator) until Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope (1487) and Vasco da Gama completed a voyage to India (1497 ) The Portuguese also established trading posts along the African coast, captured Ceuta (opposite Gibraltar) from the Moors, and occupied Casablanca and Tangiers. The possibility of outflanking ‘the obstructive Turk’ and gaining direct access by sea to the ridies of Asia became an increasingly attractive concept to the western Europeans after the fall of constantinople in 1453, Religious as well as commercial considerations inspired such a quest because the Turkish threat to eastern Europe made it expedient to seek allies. The Venetians shipped arms to the Persians, while the Portuguese dispatched envoys to Ethiopia and to the Indian princes. America The news that the Portuguese had rounded the Cape of Good Hope (1487) roused the Spaniards to keener competition. It is possible tliat the Portuguese had also touched America in their voyaging. christopher Columbus, seeking a sponsor to support his search for a sea route to India, finally obtained three ships from the Spanish raonardis and reached the West Indies in 1492. Pope Alexander VI (in 1493) granted Spain full right and possession to all non-christian lands discovered one hundred leagues or more west of the Azores, and by the Treaty of tordesillas between Spain and Portugal (1494) this line of demarcation was shifted 270 leagues farther west.





Central Europe NETHERLANDS. Ockeghem, Jean de (Joannes Okeghem). b. Tours. Composer, founder of so-called second netherlands school; one of great music teachers of all time; pupils founded schools: vocal polyphony became varied under his guidance; many forms, such as medieval rondo, ballad, disappeared; master of counterpoint; developed canon; wrote masses, motets, chansons. Obrecht, Jacob. Contrapuntist; master; music based on folk themes, giving work solid, earthy quality of great strength, harmony; wrote masses, motets, church and secular works; taught in Florence; teacher of Erasmus. Agricola, Alexander, cl 446-1 506, Belgian: composer of motets, four-part songs, and a volume of five masses. GERMANY. Isaac, Heinrich. Possibly Flemish, composer; wrote both secular and church music; thought to be first German contrapuntal master; worked for Lorenzo de Medici, 148492; famous songs, intrumental music. Beheim, Michel. 1416-74. Meistersinger; court singer in many countries. Fulde, Adam von. b. cl450. Foremost German musical scholar of century; author. Tract on Music, 1490. wolkenstein, Oswald von. 13771445. Last of medieval lyric minnesingers. PRINTING OF MUSIC. Ulrich Han (Hahn) ’s Missale, published in Rome, 1476, printed from type; lines (staves) in red in one impression, notes in black printed in second; notes with time-values printed at Venice, 1480; Ugo de Rugeriis at Bologna, 1487, printed earliest known complete partcomposition using wood blocks; first English music-printing, westminster, 1495; Ottaviano dei Petrucd (14661539) received his letters patent, 1498; for years regarded as actual inventor of art of printing music with movable type; first volume, Harmonice musices Odhecaton, landmark containing 96compositions of chief franco-flemish composers, first complete volume of part-music printed.





W HEN Columbus returned from his first voyage (1493) Spain appealed to Pope Alexander VI to delimit Spanish and Portuguese claims. Alexander granted Spain exclusive rights to all non-christian lands beyond a line to run north and south 100 leagues west of the Azores. Such a line would have touched the eastern tip of South America, but the Spaniards did not yet know this. The following year (1494) the Portuguese persuaded the Spaniards to fix the line 270 leagues farther west (roughly at the 46th degree West Longitude by the Greenwich reckoning now commonly used) As Portugal was to have exclusive right to discoveries east of the line this gave it a claim to South America almost as far west as the mouth of the Amazon. It is possible that the Portuguese, who had explored the west coast of Africa for a century, already knew something of the lands to which the extended Line of demarcation entitled them. In 1500 Cabral’s expedition touched Brazil and claimed it before proceeding to India. Cabral s ‘accidental’ discovery of Brazil may have been fortuitous, but it could also have been deliberate. Since ancient times nations had guarded the secrets of their discoveries. The 1494 Line of demarcation, if extended around the globe, bisects Japan and Australia (134 degrees East Longitude) In 1521 magellan’s expedition touched the philippines, giving Spain a claim to these islands. The Spaniards kept and later colonized them, although they lay within the half of the globe assigned to Portuguese enterprise. It was highly improbable that other rising European nations would respect a dispensation that gave Spain and Portugal a title to most of the world. The aggressive activities of the Europeans in the Oceanic Age came to affect all the peoples of the globe and changed the course of their history. It is helpful, therefore, to pause and note the state of culture and the den





it was a decline in energy, in morale, in military vigor, in economy, in population. Possibly the extraordinary exertions needed to conquer and colonize Spanish America exhausted the nation. Certainly the influx of bullion from America proved a doubtful boon, for it hastened a ‘price revolution.’ Goods became more expensive as gold and silver became cheaper, and Spanish industry and commerce suffered. A general letliargy and contempt for manual labor (understandable in the colonies tvhere such work was left to Indians or slaves) spread to Spain also. Pious Spaniards withdrew to the numerous monasteries and nunneries, but fewer men were available for military ser%’ice and tlie Spanish infantry ceased to be the best in Europe. Finally, Philip IPs successors (Philip III, 1598-1621, Philip IV, 1621-65, and Charles II, 1655-1700) were feeble and incompetent rulers.





The 17lh conlury in Europe was known as Iho Golden Age of the drama, and was represented by such great playwrights as shakespeare in England, Lope de Vega in Spain, and Corneille in France. shakespeare and Lope, writing for a popular thoaior. broadened the scope of the drama by choice of subject matter and characters. shakespeare was the greater genius, Lope the most versatile and prolific playwright the world^ has seen. Corneille, returning to the classic drama for inspiration, created a tragedy which became an accepted form for centuries to come. In music, the great Monteverdi wrote the first modern opera introdudng the aria da capo, presented at the first public opera house, opened in Veidce, 1637.





1724-77 Tsao Hsuch-chin





A growing opposition to mercantilism resulted in the development of new economic theories. Quesnay, leader of the physiocrats, under the influence of the popular concept of natural law. suggested that commerce be liberated from state interference, proposed a single tax, and stressed the need for the protection of individual rights in economy and society. Adam Smith s great classic. Wealth of NaUons. established the influenUal doctrine of laissez-faire. New canals facilitated inland transportation and stimulated commerce. technological developments, such as Hargreaves spinning jenny, Arkwright s water frame, Crompton s mule, Cartwright s power loom. Watt s steam engine, and Whitney s cotton gin, heralded the industrial revolution.





Western Europe FRANCE. Manet, Edouard. Brilliant artist; extremely important as pioneer impressionist and plein-air painter; vigorous, dramatic effects gained by an economy of means; not interested in light as such, but achieved recession and depth by subtle use of color intensities rather than by linear perspective; influenced by Courbet, Velasquez, and Japanese prints introduced into Europe; gained only limited recognition during lifetime; best known works. The Guitarist, The Dead Toreador, The Picnic, Olympia, The Railroad, Boating. Daumier, Honore. Great lithographer, highly individual artist; chose Don Quixote and humble people as subjects; The Third Class Carriage, 1860’s. Courbet, Gustave. Objective Realist; important for direct, forceful rendition of nature; extreme individualist; fine portraits; The Meeting, The Woman with the Mirror, Spring Flowers. Corot, Jean Baptiste Camille. 17961875. outstanding figure studies painted late in life; A Young Woman, 1870, searching characterization. Millet, Jean Fransois. Romantic Realist; famed for peasant studies, considered revolutionary as subject matter; stability, movement, sympathy characterized work; The Gleaners, The Angelus, famous works. Daubigny, Charles. Landscape artist; atmospheric scenes of water. Barye, Antoine. distinguished sculptor; famed for wild animal studies. viollet-le-duc, Eugene. Architect, writer; exponent of Gothic revival; internationally known for restorations; wrote several art books which he illustrated. Dore, Gustave. Illustrator; imaginative, dramatic drawings for Divine Comedy, Don Quixote; successful. Carpeaux, Jean Baptiste. 1827-75. Baroque, classic sculptor; The Dance, at Paris Opera. Meryon, Charles. 1821-68.,. Etcher o£ incomparable tedinique; EauxFortes sur Paris, 1850-54, best-known ork.





GERMANY. Spengler, Oswald. philosopher, historian; famed for TWj Decline of the West, 1918, cyclical theory of history. } Vaihinger, Hans. Philosopher; leadling exponent of fictionism (‘as if)); Die philosophie des Als Ob, 1911. J Eucken, Rudolf. Philosopher; ‘actijvism ; experience source of value; Nobel, 1908., Cassirer, Ernst. Philosopher; leader, neo-kantian Marburg School; Prob. lem of Knowledge, 1906, study of symbolic forms,, Rilke, Rainer Maria. Lyric poet; impressionism and mysticism blend in Book of Pictures (1902), Sonnefs Jo Orpheus (1942). RUSSIA. Blok, Aleksandr. Great symbolist poet;,,, revolutionary; The Twelve, 1918. Yesenin, Sergeii Popular poet of, revolution; lyric, imagist school; epic, Pugachev.. Bialik, Hayyim, 1873-1934. Hebrew poet; considered one of the greatest. HUNGARY. Ady, Andrew. Leader, radical modernist group; New Poems, 1905. Asia INDIA. Tagore, Sir Rabindranofh. Author, loo books of verse, 40 novels, 50 dramas; Bengali, nationalist; Nobel Prize, 1913, for poem, Gitanjali, 1912. JAPAN. Noguchi, Yone. Poet, aide; Selected Poems, 1921; introduced Japanese literature to Western world. Australia Richardson, Henry Handel (Henrietta). outstanding trilogy. The Fortunes of Richard Mahony, 1917-30. Collins, Tom (Joseph Furphy). Such Is Life, 1903, story of ‘bullockies (ship wagons). baylebridge, William. Poet, author of Anzac Muster, 1922. Africa Celliers, Jan, South African poed first to use Afrikaans as literar) an guage■