complex: Dictionary Information

Complex —n. 1 building, series of rooms, etc., made up of related parts (shopping complex). 2 psychol. Group of usu. Repressed feelings or thoughts which cause abnormal behaviour or mental states. 3 preoccupation; feeling of inadequacy. —adj. 1 complicated. 2 consisting of related parts; composite.  complexity n. (pl. -ies). [latin complexus]

complex: Geographic Locations

12687451 ADK (Complexe ADK (Complexe 6.19492 -7.09572 P PPL CI 76 11153076 11153290 3592 171 Africa/Abidjan 2023-12-21

12688214 Complexe Complexe 7.60288 -6.14386 P PPL CI 96 11153167 2279171 10366 222 Africa/Abidjan 2023-12-22

510291 Peterhof Peterhof paleizencomplex in Peterhof,Pecjargof,Peterchof,Petergof,Peterhof,Peterhofa,Peterhofium,Peterkhof,Petrodvorec,Petrodvorets,Petěrgof,Pietarhovi,Pjetergof,Pēterhofa,bi de gong cheng,bytyrhwf,peteleugopeu,peterugofu,ptrgwf,pʼetʼergopi,Πέτερχοφ,Петергоф,Петерхоф,Петродворец,Пецяргоф,بيتيرهوف,پترگوف,პეტერგოფი,ペテルゴフ,彼得宮城,페테르고프 59.88333 29.9 P PPL RU 66 73199 26 Europe/Moscow 2019-09-05

12750400 Irvine Health and Science Complex Irvine Health and Science Complex 33.65803 -117.76525 P PPLX US CA 059 8644 68 60 America/Los

Angeles 2024-04-19

complex: Historical Excerpts

.ZGIOH Middle East BREW. Unique, first of great mporary religions to become perntly monotheistic; prophets deed 9th to 6th centuries, exclusive ip of God, Yahweh (Jehovah); rbade worship of graven images; c Law taught high ideals of morid ethical thought and action: j subsequent influence on Chrisy and Islam; most important;rs and prophets: Amos, Micah, i, and Isaiah; proclaimed Yahweh nd only God, 6th century..SIA. Prophet Zoroaster sought form primitive nature-god worprobably influenced by Hebrews g Babylonian captivity, at;ed to emphasize ethical concepts; ed in dualism, principles of good evil in constant warfare; good nified by Mazda (Ormuzd), symng light; darkness and evil, by nan; strong belief in immortality, il life as reward for good; later;ed by Hebrews, Christians, and ims; Zoroaster succeeded over oplon of priests (Magi), though not defeat polytheism. MER, ASSYRIA, BABYLONIA. heistic, theocratic; priests very rful; ruler (priest-king) chief;; each city had patron god; magstrology, and priestly rites for no clear faith or concept conig afterlife; Marduk reigning of Babylon; goddess Ishtar, syming ‘mother earth,’ fertility, and ve power, most important deity yrians. Egypt )st complex of early religions; nature and animals worshiped; od (Ra), goddess of fertility, crocodile, cat, bull, popular; ther people placed greater ems on life after death; preparamade for spirit’s journey and nent; short period of monotheism r Akhnatoh, who set up Aton as god; priests generally powerful, rulers.





Asio INDIA. Early Vedic religion polytheistic worship of nature; Brahmanism (Hinduism) developed system of complex ritual, philosophy, and symbolism, retaining much ancient folklore and tradition; belief in karma (fate or destiny) and desire of each human soul, through improvement in successive reincarnations, to reunite with the universal or world soul; Jainism, taught by Mahavira and other sages, and Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama, arose as reforms of Hinduism; emphasized asceticism while accepting most of Hindu faith; new sects gained wide following. CHINA. Shamanism early belief: cult of magic, nature worship, ancestral spirits; shamans, powerful priests, placated demons; female fertility symbols dominated later worship; divination and oracles sought, ancestor and nature worship continued; inquiring thinkers sought to define right way of life.’ Lao-tze. Renowned figure of period; credited with founding mystic philosophy organized as religion; based on concept of Tao as way of heaven or nature; stressed ascetic, simple virtues. Europe CRETE. Individual religion developed from nature worship; chief deity, great mother goddess, symbolized life, death, and fertility; served by priestesses. GREECE. Ideas of Aegean antiquity, influenced by older civilizations, blended with concepts brought by Achaeans and Dorians; vast pantheon created with every object, force, fear, virtue, or vice represented by anthropomorphic deity; rich mythology, based on lives and adventures of family, local, state, and city gods; no dogma or priesthood; theology, little moral content; variety of ritual and festival; superstitution, belief in magic; oracleseeking, Eleusinian and Orphic mystery cults. : ROME. Early religion centered around family; gods of household and fields propitiated; ancestor worship; spirits represented forces of nature.





MUSIC Greece Music was integral part of lyric poetry, tragic and comic drama, choral dancing, and song: relationship of music and drama, similar to modern opera; manuscript fragment of choral stasimon (stationary chorus) from euripides’ Orestes, rare example of notation: complexity of tone intervals required performance by highly skilled singers: text used by chorus in hellenistic age became less essential to movement of drama; important in conveying mood. Timotheus. c446-c357. Poet, musician of Miletus; celebrated for elaborate, complex innovations; added string to dthara; taught Euripides ‘new music.’, aristoxenus of Tarentum. fl. 4th century; foremost musical theorist; systematized, with Euclid, scales, transposition; Elements of Harmony; Elements of Rhythm. Two scliools of music existed; Phrygian, associated with Dionysus, using the aulos (double-flute or pipe), represented emotional, exciting quality of music; Dorian, the music of Apollo, using the cithara and lyre, simple, restrained melody in sharp contrast to Phrygian mode, latter gained in popularity despite disapproval of Plato and Socrates. Scales. Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian; each with ethical meaning; ethos, emotional power of melodies according to scales; Dorian, virile, energetic; Phrygian, ecstatic, religious; Lydian, effeminate, delicate. Instruments. Lyre, national instrument; cithara; magadis (harplike with ‘trumpet-like’ tone); auloi (pipes or flute, though more like modern oboe); syrinx (pipes of Pan); tympanon (hand drum); kfotola (wood or metal castanets); hydraulus (water organ) invented 2d century. Last popular among Romans, who also played tibia (pipe or bagpipe), tt/6a (trumpet), buccina (trombone) and tympanum, scabillum, cymbali, systrum, crotola, all percussion instruments.





Europe Manorial System. Basic rural political and economic unit of medieval life was manor or village; derived from Roman villa and German mark; held by lords with absolute authority; developed into largely self-sustaining, isolated agricultural communities. Land holding or Tenure. Holdings or fiefs were of any size, from single manor to dukedon or kingdom; fief held, not owned, conditional upon performance of obligations, usually military support; protection of fief, joint responsibility of noble landholder and suzerain or overlord; fief might be forfeited for landlord s failure to perform duties; held in trust for minor or widow; passed to eldest son through inheritance. Feudal Relationships. Noble, acting as both vassal of suzerain and overlord of fief, was core of feudal organization; vassal gave allegiance (formerly known as homage and fealty) and services to overlord; latter ‘invested’ vassal with land, and pledged, protection; vassal acted as lawmaker and judge for people of manor; administered land; sat on jury of peers in trials of fellow nobles; often resorted to private warfare to enforce decision. Chivalry. Code of behavior and conduct for nobility, culminating in knighthood; by 13th century, complex program of training, elaborate rules. Social Organization. (1) Nobility: reigning sovereign, lord, landholders (not owners); chief occupation, fighting, either for lord or king, or against rival noble; (2) noble-clergy: Church’s spiritual authority and vast landholdings made them powerful group; nonnoble clerics; (3) commoners: peasants, townspeople or burghers, merchants, bankers, professional people; (4) working classes: largest group, villeins (serfs); condition hereditary, bound to soil and service of lord; obliged to return part of land-produce to lord; smaller group of free tenants oaid rent from harvest, free to leave..mor; freemen increased as lords liberated serfs who were content to remain on land.





Europe Romanesque Art. Religious art derived from classic and oriental sources; dynamic, expressive, naturalistic. Architecture. Developed from Roman basilica; used principally in abbey churches of Italy and France; ornamentation added; wheel or rose windows illuminated tlie nave; towers. Campanile (bell) at Pisa (Leaning Tower); importance of stone construction; introduction of latin-cross plan; choir section enlarged; Sant’ Ambrogio, Milan, illustrated application of rib vault to roofing basilica, major innovation; abbaye-aux-hommes (St. £tienne), Caen, represented further development by Normans of ribbed vault principle; nave divided into bays with higher vaults; abbaye-aux-dames (St. Trinitd) neighboring church, used concealed flying buttress; foreshadowed pointed-arcli principle; Norman style adopted in England; Winchester Cathedral (cl 093), Tower of London (1 078-1 128), Norwich (1096-11 10) and Durham Cadiedrals (1093-1128), westminster Abbey (Church of Peter the Apostle) 1056, Ifllcy Parish Church, Oxford (1160), peterborough Cathedral (cl HO), excellent examples of Romanesque English architecture. Monastic Romanesque Style. Third Abbey Cliurch at Cluny; basilica, many-windowed derestorj; highest contemporary barrel vaulting; first external flying buttresses; altar columns of surpassingbeauty. Sculpture. Superb sculptural capit.-ils, relief compositions, including the tympanum over the central portal of Abbey Church of La Madeleine at Wrelay, France; examples of Romanesque sculpture, integral parts of architectural design; vitality shown in trumeau (central post) between double doors of wide apertures. illuminated Manuscripts. outstanding work done by monastic orders; Chiniac copyists and illuminators lc.aders in art; freedom of, im.aginalion; initial letters became complex designs; pen drasvings, small paintings. ibn-Zuhr tAvenzoar,;^





Middle East PERSIA. Nazir al-Din. Foremost Moslem mathematician, astronomer; created spherical trigonometry; ivrote treatises. Rashid al-Din. Physician; gave detailed account of printing methods used by Chinese; paper money printed in Tabriz, 1294, bore both Chinese and Arabic characters. al-Damiri. Wrote Zoological Lexicon, extensive compilation of natural history; compared to work of bartholomew the Englisliman. Asia CHINA. Great mastery of abacus; use of zero, borrowed from India. Chu Shih-chieh published four-element Precious Mirror, 1303, important work lost in China until 1802; gave binomial coefficients in form of an arithmetical triangle to the eighth power; did not recognize more than one root to an equation; work apparently done ivith calculatory apparatus; influenced Japanese mathematicians. Kuo Shou-ching. Major mathematician of period; astronomer, engineer; believed to have developed spherical trigonometry, working independently; constructed best Chinese calendar. America Incas built remarkable roads and irrigation projects; used Quipus (from Quechua, quipu, meaning knot) for keeping records, sending messages, as numerical system; ropes of different colors tied in various knots; formed by thick woolen rope 1-20 feet long, from which hung thinner ropes of different lengths and colors; group of quippu-camayoc (accountants) , educated in special schools, formed and interpreted complex system. Aztec calendar used 260-day year and 52-year time cycle; accomplished engineers; built island capital of Tenoclititlan.





Western Europe ENGLAND. Maclaurin, Colin. Scottish mathematician, natural philosopher; outstanding, versatile scientist; authority on tides, fiuxional calculus. Treatise on Fluxions, 1742, and conception of level surfaces; Treatise on Algebra, published, 1748. Taylor, Brook. Mathematician; known for Taylor s theorem, complex mathematical formula on functions, and basis of differential calculus; Linear perspective, 1715, first expounded principle of vanishing points; work on center of oscillation, 1708, published later. Hauksbee, Francis. Physicist; believed to have invented first electrical macliine, 1706; determined relative weights of air and water; experimentalist. Hales, Stephen. Physiologist; made first measure of blood pressure; work with plants on transpiration, root pressure, circulation of sap, and relationship between green plants and air; advanced chemistry by improved methods of handling gases; observed gas can exist free or combined. Hartley, David. Founder, associational psychology; author. observations on Man (2 vols.) 1749, explaining all mental phenomena as due to sensations arising from vibrations of white medullary substance of brain and spinal cord; whole mind consequence of associations of simple sensations. Newcomen, Thomas. Inventor of atmospheric steam engine, 1705; worked

with Savery who had similar patent. Gray, Stephen, d. 1736. First to divide substances into electrics and nonelectrics; discovered static electricity can be transferred from one body to another by contact. Moivre, Abraham de. 1667-1754. french-english mathematician; contributed to trigonometry and law of probabilities; mathematical theorems. Others. Lady Mary Wortley Montague introduced smallpox inoculation, 1708; John Harrison invented shin chronometer, pridiron nendu





1954. Symphonies, chamber music, songs, choral works in highly individual idiom, complex rhythm, use of dissonance; foreshadowed atonality and polytonality; Concord sonata, 1919. Griffes, Charles. 1884-1920. Early works impressionist, later works tended toward absolute music; pleasure-dome of Kubla Khan, Roman Sketches, Piano Sonata, 1921. Carpenter, John Alden. cl876-1951. Impressionist; Adventures in a perambulator, 1915. Bloch, Ernest. cl880. Important teacher in America, born Switzerland; „.rprn a n t ir.„ex nre.ssion j.sr ScheJorn,